College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
College of Environment, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 3100141, China.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Jan;244:304-313. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.041. Epub 2018 Oct 10.
Indoor air contributes significantly to overall exposure, particularly for rural Chinese who often use solid fuels for cooking and/or heating. Unfortunately, overlooked rural indoor air leads to a critical knowledge gap. Simultaneous measurements in the kitchen, living room, and immediately outside of houses using six-channel particle counters were carried out in 18 biomass-burning rural and 3 non-biomass-burning urban households (as a comparison) in winter to characterize dynamic change patterns indoor air pollution and indoor-outdoor relationship. The rural households mainly used wood or crop residues for cooking and heating, while the urban households used pipelined natural gas for cooking and air conditioners for heating. In rural households with significant solid-fuel burning internal sources, the highest concentration was found in the kitchen (101 ± 56 μg/m), with comparable levels in the living room (99 ± 46 μg/m) and low levels in outdoor air (91 ± 39 μg/m). A generally opposite direction of indoor-outdoor exchange was found between the rural and urban households. PM in kitchen air is smaller than that in living rooms and outdoors because solid fuel burning (mainly in rural households) and cooking oil heating (in rural and urban households). Indoor and outdoor PM concentration changed synchronously, with a slight delay in indoor air in urban households but a slight delay in outdoor air in rural households. Cooking, heating, and smoking elevated indoor PM significantly, but different from the cooking activity that produced peaks lasting for about 30 min, emissions from heating created a series of peaks due to frequent disturbance and fuel-feeding and had more significant impacts on the daily average concentration. Distinct indoor-outdoor relationships and dynamic change patterns between the two household categories w/o strong internal biomass burning sources imply that totally different model schemes are needed to quantitatively address indoor air pollution and inhalation exposure.
室内空气对整体暴露有显著影响，特别是对于经常使用固体燃料做饭和/或取暖的中国农村居民。不幸的是，被忽视的农村室内空气导致了一个关键的知识空白。在冬季，使用六通道粒子计数器在 18 个生物质燃烧的农村家庭和 3 个非生物质燃烧的城市家庭（作为比较）的厨房、客厅和房屋外立即进行了同步测量，以描述室内空气污染的动态变化模式和室内外关系。农村家庭主要使用木材或农作物残余物做饭和取暖，而城市家庭则使用管道天然气做饭和空调取暖。在有大量固体燃料燃烧内部源的农村家庭中，厨房的浓度最高（101±56μg/m），客厅的浓度相当（99±46μg/m），室外空气的浓度较低（91±39μg/m）。发现农村和城市家庭之间存在一种相反的室内外交换方向。厨房空气中的 PM 小于客厅和室外的 PM，这是因为固体燃料燃烧（主要在农村家庭）和烹饪油加热（在农村和城市家庭）。室内和室外 PM 浓度同步变化，城市家庭的室内空气略有延迟，而农村家庭的室外空气略有延迟。烹饪、取暖和吸烟使室内 PM 显著升高，但与持续约 30 分钟的烹饪活动产生的峰值不同，取暖排放由于频繁的干扰和燃料供应而产生一系列峰值，对日平均浓度的影响更大。这两个家庭类别之间明显的室内外关系和动态变化模式，没有强烈的内部生物质燃烧源，意味着需要完全不同的模型方案来定量解决室内空气污染和吸入暴露问题。
