Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San DiegoDepartment of Linguistics, University of California at Berkeley.
Cogn Sci. 2006 May 6;30(3):401-50. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62.
Cognitive research on metaphoric concepts of time has focused on differences between moving Ego and moving time models, but even more basic is the contrast between Ego- and temporal-reference-point models. Dynamic models appear to be quasi-universal cross-culturally, as does the generalization that in Ego-reference-point models, FUTURE IS IN FRONT OF EGO and PAST IS IN BACK OF EGO. The Aymara language instead has a major static model of time wherein FUTURE IS BEHIND EGO and PAST IS IN FRONT OF EGO; linguistic and gestural data give strong confirmation of this unusual culture-specific cognitive pattern. Gestural data provide crucial information unavailable to purely linguistic analysis, suggesting that when investigating conceptual systems both forms of expression should be analyzed complementarily. Important issues in embodied cognition are raised: how fully shared are bodily grounded motivations for universal cognitive patterns, what makes a rare pattern emerge, and what are the cultural entailments of such patterns?
关于时间的隐喻概念的认知研究集中在移动自我和移动时间模型之间的差异上，但更基本的是自我参照点和时间参照点模型之间的对比。动态模型在跨文化中似乎是准普遍存在的，而且在自我参照点模型中，未来在自我前方，过去在自我后方的概括也是如此。相反，艾马拉语有一种主要的静态时间模型，其中未来在自我后方，过去在自我前方；语言和手势数据强烈证实了这种不寻常的特定于文化的认知模式。手势数据提供了纯粹语言分析无法获得的关键信息，表明在研究概念系统时，应互补地分析这两种表达方式。这引发了具身认知中的重要问题：对于普遍认知模式，身体基础动机的共享程度如何，是什么导致了罕见模式的出现，以及这种模式的文化内涵是什么？
