Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Immunity. 2011 Jun 24;34(6):830-42. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.06.002.
Behaviors observed at the cellular level such as development and acquisition of effector functions by immune cells result from transcriptional changes. The biochemical mediators of transcription are sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs), chromatin modifying enzymes, and chromatin, the complex of DNA and histone proteins. Covalent modification of DNA and histones, also termed epigenetic modification, influences the accessibility of target sequences for transcription factors on chromatin and the expression of linked genes required for immune functions. Genome-wide techniques such as ChIP-Seq have described the entire "cistrome" of transcription factors involved in specific developmental steps of B and T cells and started to define specific immune responses in terms of the binding profiles of critical effectors and epigenetic modification patterns. Current data suggest that both promoters and enhancers are prepared for action at different stages of activation by epigenetic modification through distinct transcription factors in different cells.
在细胞水平上观察到的行为，如免疫细胞效应功能的获得和发育，是转录变化的结果。转录的生化介质是序列特异性转录因子（TFs）、染色质修饰酶和染色质，即 DNA 和组蛋白蛋白的复合物。DNA 和组蛋白的共价修饰，也称为表观遗传修饰，影响染色质上靶序列对转录因子的可及性以及免疫功能所需的相关基因的表达。全基因组技术，如 ChIP-Seq，描述了参与 B 和 T 细胞特定发育步骤的所有“转录因子组”，并开始根据关键效应因子的结合谱和表观遗传修饰模式来定义特定的免疫反应。目前的数据表明，在激活的不同阶段，通过不同细胞中的不同转录因子，启动子和增强子都通过表观遗传修饰为作用做好了准备。
