Invitation Health & Wellness, Inc., Eagan, MN 55121, USA.
Demography. 2011 Aug;48(3):1203-29. doi: 10.1007/s13524-011-0047-y.
Understanding the factors that drive individuals' residential preferences is a critical issue in the study of racial segregation. An important debate within this field is whether individuals-especially whites-prefer to live in predominantly white neighborhoods because they wish to avoid the social problems that may be more likely to occur in predominantly black neighborhoods (i.e., the racial proxy hypothesis) or because of racial factors that go beyond these social class-related characteristics. Through a multilevel analysis of data from the 2004-2005 Chicago Area Study and several administrative sources, we assess the extent to which the racial proxy hypothesis describes neighborhood satisfaction among whites, African Americans, and Latinos living across a broad range of neighborhood contexts. The racial proxy perspective applies weakly to whites' satisfaction: whites report less satisfaction in neighborhoods with more minority residents, and only some of their dissatisfaction can be attributed to local social characteristics. The racial proxy hypothesis applies more strongly to blacks' and Latinos' satisfaction. In some cases, especially for Latinos, higher levels of satisfaction in integrated neighborhoods can largely be attributed to the fact that these places have better socioeconomic conditions and fewer social problems than predominantly minority communities. At the same time, effects of racial/ethnic composition persist in unique and somewhat divergent ways for blacks and Latinos, supporting the assertion that racial composition matters, above and beyond its relation to social class. Taken together, these findings suggest that individuals balance both socioeconomic and race-related concerns in their residential preferences.
理解驱动个体居住偏好的因素是种族隔离研究中的一个关键问题。该领域的一个重要争论是，个体——尤其是白人——是否更愿意居住在以白人为主的社区，是因为他们希望避免在以黑人为主要居民的社区中可能更普遍出现的社会问题（即种族替代假说），还是因为超出这些与社会阶层相关的特征的种族因素。通过对 2004-2005 年芝加哥地区研究的数据和几个行政来源进行多层次分析，我们评估了种族替代假说在多大程度上描述了居住在广泛社区背景下的白种人、非裔美国人和拉丁裔人对邻里的满意度。种族替代假说在描述白人的满意度方面的应用较弱：白人报告说，在少数族裔居民较多的社区中，他们的满意度较低，而且他们的不满情绪只有一部分可以归因于当地的社会特征。种族替代假说在描述黑人和拉丁裔的满意度方面的应用更为强烈。在某些情况下，尤其是对于拉丁裔人来说，在融合社区中更高的满意度在很大程度上可以归因于这些地方具有更好的社会经济条件和较少的社会问题，而不是以少数族裔为主的社区。与此同时，黑人和拉丁裔人的种族/族裔构成的影响以独特且略有不同的方式持续存在，这支持了这样一种观点，即种族构成很重要，超越了其与社会阶层的关系。综上所述，这些发现表明，个体在其居住偏好中平衡了社会经济和与种族相关的问题。
