Kurniawan Irma Triasih, Guitart-Masip Marc, Dolan Ray J
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Brain Sciences, University College London London, UK.
Front Neurosci. 2011 Jun 21;5:81. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00081. eCollection 2011.
Motivational theories of choice focus on the influence of goal values and strength of reinforcement to explain behavior. By contrast relatively little is known concerning how the cost of an action, such as effort expended, contributes to a decision to act. Effort-based decision making addresses how we make an action choice based on an integration of action and goal values. Here we review behavioral and neurobiological data regarding the representation of effort as action cost, and how this impacts on decision making. Although organisms expend effort to obtain a desired reward there is a striking sensitivity to the amount of effort required, such that the net preference for an action decreases as effort cost increases. We discuss the contribution of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) toward overcoming response costs and in enhancing an animal's motivation toward effortful actions. We also consider the contribution of brain structures, including the basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex, in the internal generation of action involving a translation of reward expectation into effortful action.
选择的动机理论侧重于目标价值和强化强度的影响来解释行为。相比之下，关于诸如所付出努力等行动成本如何影响行动决策，我们所知甚少。基于努力的决策制定探讨了我们如何基于行动和目标价值的整合来做出行动选择。在此，我们回顾关于将努力表征为行动成本以及这如何影响决策的行为和神经生物学数据。尽管生物体为获得期望奖励而付出努力，但对所需努力量存在显著的敏感性，以至于随着努力成本增加，对某一行动的净偏好会降低。我们讨论神经递质多巴胺（DA）在克服反应成本以及增强动物对费力行动的动机方面所起的作用。我们还考虑包括基底神经节和前扣带回皮层在内的脑结构在将奖励期望转化为费力行动的行动内部生成过程中的作用。
