Struciński Paweł, Piskorska-Pliszczyńska Jadwiga, Góralczyk Katarzyna, Warenik-Bany Małgorzata, Maszewski Sebastian, Czaja Katarzyna, Ludwicki Jan K
Zakład Toksykologii Srodowiskowej, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego - Pańistwowy Zakład Higieny, Warszawa.
Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2011;62(1):3-17.
Among numerous potential chemical food contaminants, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, collectively referred as dioxins, are commonly considered as bearing substantial risk for human health due to their toxicological properties, persistency and ability to bioaccumulate in food chains. The results of epidemiological studies suggest that environmental exposure to these compounds may affect multiple physiological processes in humans, mainly by the mechanism of endocrine disruption. Adverse health effects linked to the long-term exposure to dioxins include the increase of cancer risk, reproductive and developmental impairment as well as effects on immune functions. Exposure through food (mainly of animal origin) is the major source of dioxin exposure for humans, estimated to account for about 95% of the total intake for non-occupationally exposed persons. Recent studies showed that a consistent part of the European population has an intake exceeding internationally agreed "safe" doses as the Tolerable Daily or Weekly Intake (TDI, TWI). It is worthy to note that percentage of persons with estimated dioxin intake above tolerable limits is much higher among children than in adults. Since the "Belgian dioxin crisis" that occurred in 1999, the estimation of human exposure to these compounds and related consumer risk assessment has been recognized in the European Union as one of the priority activities in the field of food safety. Among activities undertaken by the European Commission during implementation of the Community Strategy for dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls the maximum and action levels have been established with random monitoring by Member States. The legislation on the requirements for sampling and methods of analysis used in the official control laboratories has been set up as well. Member States are obliged to measure background levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in defined food categories for the EU monitoring program on a yearly basis and to forward the results to the European Commission (since 2008 to the European Food Safety Authority). The monitoring results, covering samples collected from 1999 to 2008, evaluated and reported recently by EFSA, became the basis for updating maximum levels of dioxins and dl-PCBs as set up in Commission Regulation (EC) 1881/2006. The legislation will also be changed by replacing the current toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) system from 1998 (WHO,1998-TEFs) by a new TEFs proposed by the WHO in 2005 (WHO 2005-TEFs). It is expected that new limits for dioxins and dl-PCBs in food will come into force not later than in the beginning of 2012.
在众多潜在的化学性食品污染物中，多氯代二苯并 - 对 - 二噁英、二苯并呋喃以及二噁英类多氯联苯，统称为二噁英，由于其毒理学特性、持久性以及在食物链中生物累积的能力，通常被认为对人类健康构成重大风险。流行病学研究结果表明，人类环境暴露于这些化合物可能主要通过内分泌干扰机制影响多种生理过程。与长期暴露于二噁英相关的不良健康影响包括癌症风险增加、生殖和发育障碍以及对免疫功能的影响。通过食物（主要是动物性食物）暴露是人类二噁英暴露的主要来源，据估计占非职业暴露人群总摄入量的约95%。最近的研究表明，相当一部分欧洲人口的摄入量超过了国际商定的“安全”剂量，即每日或每周可耐受摄入量（TDI，TWI）。值得注意的是，估计二噁英摄入量超过耐受限度的儿童比例远高于成年人。自1999年发生“比利时二噁英危机”以来，在欧盟，对人类接触这些化合物的估计以及相关的消费者风险评估已被视为食品安全领域的优先活动之一。在欧盟委员会实施二噁英、呋喃和多氯联苯共同体战略期间开展的活动中，已经确定了最高限量和行动水平，并由成员国进行随机监测。关于官方控制实验室使用的抽样要求和分析方法的法规也已制定。成员国必须每年针对欧盟监测计划测量特定食品类别中二噁英和二噁英类多氯联苯的背景水平，并将结果提交给欧盟委员会（自2008年起提交给欧洲食品安全局）。欧洲食品安全局最近评估和报告的涵盖1999年至2008年收集样本的监测结果，成为更新委员会条例（EC）1881/2006中规定的二噁英和二噁英类多氯联苯最高限量的依据。该法规还将进行修改，用世界卫生组织2005年提出的新毒性当量因子（TEFs）系统（WHO 2005 - TEFs）取代现行的1998年毒性当量因子（TEFs）系统（WHO，1998 - TEFs）。预计食品中二噁英和二噁英类多氯联苯的新限量最迟将于2012年初生效。
