Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Eur Urol. 2011 Oct;60(4):615-21. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.049. Epub 2011 Jul 5.
Kidney cancer is among the 10 most frequently occurring cancers in Western communities. Globally, about 270 000 cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed yearly and 116 000 people die from the disease. Approximately 90% of all kidney cancers are renal cell carcinomas (RCC).
The causes of RCC are not completely known. We have reviewed known aetiologic factors.
The data provided in the current review are based on a thorough review of available original and review articles on RCC epidemiology with a systemic literature search using Medline.
Smoking, overweight and obesity, and germline mutations in specific genes are established risk factors for RCC. Hypertension and advanced kidney disease, which makes dialysis necessary, also increase RCC risk. Specific dietary habits and occupational exposure to specific carcinogens are suspected risk factors, but results in the literature are inconclusive. Alcohol consumption seems to have a protective effect for reasons yet unknown. Hardly any information is available for some factors that may have a high a priori role in the causation of RCC, such as salt consumption.
Large collaborative studies with uniform data collection seem to be necessary to elucidate a complete list of established risk factors of RCC. This is necessary to make successful prevention possible for a disease that is diagnosed frequently in a stage where curative treatment is not possible anymore.
在西方社会，肾癌是最常见的 10 种癌症之一。在全球范围内，每年约有 27 万例肾癌病例被诊断出来，有 11.6 万人死于该病。大约 90%的肾癌都是肾细胞癌（RCC）。
RCC 的病因尚不完全清楚。我们已经回顾了已知的病因因素。
当前综述中提供的数据基于对 RCC 流行病学的现有原始和综述文章的全面回顾，并使用 Medline 进行了系统性文献检索。
吸烟、超重和肥胖以及特定基因的种系突变是 RCC 的既定危险因素。高血压和需要透析的晚期肾病也会增加 RCC 的风险。特定的饮食习惯和特定致癌物的职业接触被怀疑是危险因素，但文献中的结果尚无定论。饮酒似乎由于未知原因具有保护作用。对于一些可能在 RCC 发病中具有高先验作用的因素，如盐的摄入，几乎没有任何信息。
需要进行大型的协作研究，统一收集数据，以阐明 RCC 的完整既定危险因素清单。这对于一种在无法进行治愈性治疗的阶段经常被诊断出来的疾病来说，成功预防是必要的。
