Hamad Rabab S, Sayed Ghadir A, Abd-Elmawla Mai A, Mageed Sherif S Abdel, Abulsoud Ahmed I, Zaki Mohamed Bakr, Mohammed Osama A, Elshaere Shereen Saeid, Elesawy Ahmed E, Elkhawaga Samy Y, El-Dakroury Walaa A, Abdel-Reheim Mustafa Ahmed, Ayed Abdullah, Doghish Ahmed S
Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, 31982, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt.
Int J Clin Oncol. 2025 Aug 21. doi: 10.1007/s10147-025-02856-5.
About one-third of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients present with metastatic disease upon diagnosis because of the retroperitoneal location of the kidneys, which causes many tumors to stay asymptomatic. Besides, shortly after 5 years following successful curative surgery, nearly 30% of individuals develop distant cancer metastases and recurrences. This is mostly attributable to the complex and diverse characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. Although targeted treatments and immunotherapies can extend the survival of patients, they are linked to the swift emergence of resistance, constraining the therapeutic alternatives for RCC patients and drawing attention to the critical requirement for improved targeted treatments. Along the same vein, there is an urgent demand for novel biomarkers capable of detecting early RCC with significant sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, prognostic indicators are required for the stratification of RCC patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of mRNA and subsequent protein production in both healthy and malignant tissues. The malignant pathophysiology of RCC has been associated with miRNA dysregulation, which impacts numerous cellular processes and has been found to increase the likelihood of proliferative and invasive processes, promote angiogenesis, alter cell cycle dynamics, evade cell death, facilitate metastasis, and make cancer cells less responsive to certain treatments. Therefore, in this review, we will go over the latest findings regarding the functions of oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs in RCC, how they could be used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators for RCC, and the role they play in the development of RCC and its resistance to cancer-fighting therapies.
约三分之一的肾细胞癌（RCC）患者在诊断时即表现为转移性疾病，这是由于肾脏位于腹膜后，导致许多肿瘤无症状。此外，在成功进行根治性手术后5年左右，近30%的患者会发生远处癌症转移和复发。这主要归因于肿瘤微环境的复杂多样特性。尽管靶向治疗和免疫疗法可以延长患者的生存期，但它们与耐药性的迅速出现有关，限制了RCC患者的治疗选择，并凸显了改进靶向治疗的迫切需求。同样，迫切需要能够以显著的敏感性和特异性检测早期RCC的新型生物标志物。此外，RCC患者的分层需要预后指标。微小RNA（miRNA）是健康组织和恶性组织中mRNA及后续蛋白质产生的关键调节因子。RCC的恶性病理生理学与miRNA失调有关，这会影响众多细胞过程，并且已发现其会增加增殖和侵袭过程的可能性、促进血管生成、改变细胞周期动态、逃避细胞死亡、促进转移，并使癌细胞对某些治疗的反应性降低。因此，在本综述中，我们将探讨关于致癌和抑癌miRNA在RCC中的功能的最新发现、它们如何用作RCC的诊断和预后指标，以及它们在RCC发生发展及其对抗癌治疗的耐药性中所起的作用。
