Geriatric assessment tools.

In addition to medical diseases, psychological, social, cognitive, and functional issues influence the health of older persons. Therefore, the traditional medical assessment alone is often not enough to evaluate the older population with multiple comorbidities. Out of this recognized need, the geriatric assessment has been developed, which emphasizes a broader approach to evaluating contributors to health in older persons. Geriatric assessment uses specific tools to help determine patient's status across several different dimensions, including assessment of medical, cognitive, affective, social, economic, environmental, spiritual, and functional status. This article reviews specific tools that practitioners can use in their screening for the following geriatric syndromes: hearing impairment, vision impairment, functional decline, falls, urinary incontinence, cognitive impairment, depression, and malnutrition. This article also reviews spiritual, economic, and social assessment. By identifying conditions that are common in the elderly, geriatric assessment can provide substantial insight into the comprehensive care of older persons, from those who are healthy and high-functioning to those with significant impairments and multiple comorbidities.