School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Feb;44(2):344-51. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822dc809.
There is little information about the actual nutrition and fluid intake habits and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of athletes during endurance events.
This study aimed to quantify and characterize energy, nutrient, and fluid intakes during endurance competitions and investigate associations with GI symptoms.
A total of 221 endurance athletes (male and female) were recruited from two Ironman triathlons (IM Hawaii and IM GER), a half-Ironman (IM 70.3), a MARATHON, a 100/150-km CYCLE race. Professional cyclists (PRO) were investigated during stage racing. A standardized postrace questionnaire quantified nutrient intake and assessed 12 GI symptoms on a scale from 0 (no problem) to 9 (worst it has ever been) in each competition.
Mean CHO intake rates were not significantly different between IM Hawaii, IM GER, and IM 70.3 (62 ± 26, 71 ± 25, and 65 ± 25 g·h(-1), respectively), but lower mean CHO intake rates were reported during CYCLE (53 ± 22 g·h(-1), P = 0.044) and MARATHON (35 ± 26 g·h(-1), P < 0.01). Prevalence of serious GI symptoms was highest during the IM races (∼31%, P = 0.001) compared with IM 70.3 (14%), CYCLE (4%), MARATHON (4%), and PRO (7%) and correlated to a history of GI problems. In all data sets, scores for upper and lower GI symptoms correlated with a reported history of GI distress (r = 0.37 and r = 0.51, respectively, P < 0.001). Total CHO intake rates were positively correlated with nausea and flatulence but were negatively correlated with finishing time during both IM (r = -0.55 and r = -0.48, P < 0.001).
The present study demonstrates that CHO intake rates vary greatly between events and individual athletes (6-136 g·h(-1)). High CHO intake during exercise was related not only to increased scores for nausea and flatulence but also to better performance during IM races.
关于运动员在耐力运动期间的实际营养和液体摄入习惯以及胃肠道（GI）症状，信息很少。
本研究旨在量化和描述耐力比赛期间的能量、营养素和液体摄入情况，并探讨与胃肠道症状的关联。
从两项 Ironman 铁人三项赛（夏威夷和德国）、半 Ironman（70.3）、马拉松、100/150 公里自行车赛和职业自行车赛（PRO）中招募了 221 名耐力运动员（男性和女性）。在比赛后使用标准化的问卷调查表来量化营养素摄入情况，并对每个比赛中 12 种胃肠道症状进行评估，范围从 0（无问题）到 9（有史以来最严重）。
夏威夷、德国和 70.3 铁人三项赛的平均 CHO 摄入率没有显著差异（分别为 62±26、71±25 和 65±25 g·h(-1)），但自行车赛（53±22 g·h(-1)）和马拉松（35±26 g·h(-1)）的 CHO 摄入率较低，差异有统计学意义（P=0.044 和 P<0.01）。铁人三项赛的严重胃肠道症状患病率最高（约 31%，P=0.001），高于 70.3 铁人三项赛（14%）、自行车赛（4%）、马拉松（4%）和职业自行车赛（7%），且与胃肠道问题史相关。在所有数据集，上消化道和下消化道症状评分与报告的胃肠道不适史相关（r=0.37 和 r=0.51，P<0.001）。CHO 总摄入量与恶心和腹胀呈正相关，但与铁人三项赛的完赛时间呈负相关（r=-0.55 和 r=-0.48，P<0.001）。
本研究表明，CHO 摄入量在不同比赛和个体运动员之间差异很大（6-136 g·h(-1)）。运动中高 CHO 摄入不仅与恶心和腹胀评分增加有关，还与铁人三项赛的更好表现有关。
