School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 Mar;27(2):161-75. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.11.004. Epub 2008 Nov 21.
Pollution of the aquatic environment by human and veterinary waste pharmaceuticals is an increasing area of concern but little is known about their ecotoxicological effects on wildlife. In particular the interactions between pharmaceuticals and natural stressors of aquatic communities remains to be elucidated. A common natural stressor of freshwater and marine organisms are protozoan and metazoan parasites, which can have significant effects on host physiology and population structure, especially under the influence of many traditional kinds of toxic pollutants. However, little is known about the effects of waste pharmaceuticals to host-parasite dynamics. In order to assess the risk waste pharmaceuticals pose to aquatic wildlife it has been suggested the use of toxicological data derived from mammals during the product development of pharmaceuticals may be useful for predicting toxic effects. An additional similar source of information is the extensive clinical studies undertaken with numerous classes of drugs against parasites of human and veterinary importance. These studies may form the basis of preliminary risk assessments to aquatic populations and their interactions with parasitic diseases in pharmaceutical-exposed habitats. The present article reviews the effects of the most common classes of pharmaceutical medicines to host-parasite relationships and assesses the risk they may pose to wild aquatic organisms. In addition the effects of pharmaceutical mixtures, the importance of sewage treatment, and the risk of developing resistant strains of parasites are also assessed.
人类和兽医废物药品对水环境污染是一个日益引起关注的问题，但人们对其对野生动物的生态毒理学影响知之甚少。特别是，药品与水生生物群落的自然胁迫因子之间的相互作用仍有待阐明。原生动物和后生动物寄生虫是淡水和海洋生物的常见自然胁迫因子，它们会对宿主的生理和种群结构产生重大影响，尤其是在许多传统类型的有毒污染物的影响下。然而，对于废药品对宿主-寄生虫动态的影响知之甚少。为了评估废药品对水生野生动物的风险，有人建议在药品开发过程中使用哺乳动物的毒理学数据来预测毒性效应可能是有用的。另一个类似的信息来源是对具有人类和兽医重要性的寄生虫的许多类药物进行的广泛临床研究。这些研究可以为受制药业暴露的水生种群及其与寄生虫病的相互作用进行初步风险评估提供基础。本文综述了最常见的药物类别对宿主-寄生虫关系的影响，并评估了它们对野生水生生物可能构成的风险。此外，还评估了药物混合物的影响、污水处理的重要性以及寄生虫产生抗药性的风险。
