Food Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, PO Box 80, Lucknow - 226001, U.P., India.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2011 Aug;28(8):996-1005. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2011.580011. Epub 2011 Jun 22.
Exposure studies in children are emphasized nowadays given children's higher consumption vulnerability. The present study generated national-level data covering 16 major states of India on the usage pattern of colours and it identified food commodities through which a particular colour has the scope to exceed ADI limits. Out of the total analysed samples, 87.8% contained permitted colours, of which only 48% adhered to the prescribed limit of 100 mg kg(-1). The majority of candyfloss, sugar toys, beverages, mouth fresheners, ice candy and bakery product samples exceeded the prescribed limit. Non-permitted colours were mostly prevalent in candyfloss and sugar toy samples. Though sunset yellow FCF (SSYFCF) and tartrazine were the two most popular colours, many samples used a blend of two or more colours. The blend of SSYFCF and tartrazine exceeded the prescribed limit by a factor of 37 in one sample, and the median and 95th percentile levels of this blend were 4.5- and 25.7-fold, respectively. The exposure assessment showed that the intake of erythrosine exceeded the ADI limits by two to six times at average levels of detected colours, whereas at the 95th percentile level both SSYFCF and erythrosine exceeded the respective ADI limits by three- to 12-fold in all five age groups. Thus, the uniform prescribed limit of synthetic colours at 100 mg kg(-1) under Indian rules needs to be reviewed and should be governed by consumption profiles of the food commodities to check the unnecessary exposure of excessive colours to those vulnerable in the population that may pose a health risk.
鉴于儿童较高的消费脆弱性，如今强调对儿童进行暴露研究。本研究生成了涵盖印度 16 个主要邦的国家级数据，这些数据涉及颜色的使用模式，并确定了某种颜色有可能超过 ADI 限值的食品类别。在所分析的样本中，87.8%含有允许使用的颜色，其中只有 48%遵守了规定的 100mg/kg 限制。大多数棉花糖、糖玩具、饮料、口气清新剂、冰棒和面包制品样本都超过了规定的限制。不允许使用的颜色主要存在于棉花糖和糖玩具样本中。尽管日落黄 FCF（SSYFCF）和柠檬黄是最受欢迎的两种颜色，但许多样本使用了两种或更多颜色的混合物。SSYFCF 和柠檬黄的混合物在一个样本中超过规定限制 37 倍，该混合物的中位数和 95 百分位水平分别为 4.5 倍和 25.7 倍。暴露评估表明，在检测到的颜色的平均水平下，赤藓红的摄入量超过了 ADI 限值的两到六倍，而在 95 百分位水平下，SSYFCF 和赤藓红在所有五个年龄组中均超过了各自 ADI 限值的三到十二倍。因此，印度规定的 100mg/kg 统一允许使用的合成颜色限值需要重新审查，并应根据食品类别的消费情况进行监管，以检查过量颜色对人群中易受伤害者的不必要暴露，这可能会对健康构成风险。
