Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55436, USA.
Child Dev. 2011 Sep-Oct;82(5):1634-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01618.x. Epub 2011 Jul 25.
Do children expect an expert in one domain to also be an expert in an unrelated domain? In Study 1, 32 three- and four-year-olds learned that one informant was an expert about dogs relative to another informant. When presented with pictures of new dogs or of artifacts, children who could remember which informant was the dog expert preferred her over the novice as an informant about the names of dogs, but they had no preference when the informants presented artifact labels. In Study 2, 32 children learned that one informant was incompetent about dogs whereas another was neutral. In this case, children preferred the neutral speaker over the incompetent one about both dogs and artifacts. Taken together, these results suggest that for children, expertise is not subject to a "halo effect," but incompetence may be subject to a "pitchfork effect."
儿童是否期望某一领域的专家也同样是其他不相关领域的专家？在研究 1 中，32 名三到四岁的儿童了解到，一个信息提供者相对于另一个信息提供者，是关于狗的专家。当呈现新的狗的图片或人工制品的图片时，那些能够记住哪位信息提供者是狗专家的儿童更喜欢她作为狗名的信息提供者，而当信息提供者呈现人工制品标签时，他们没有偏好。在研究 2 中，32 名儿童了解到，一个信息提供者不擅长狗，而另一个则是中立的。在这种情况下，对于狗和人工制品，儿童更喜欢中立的说话者而不是不称职的说话者。总的来说，这些结果表明，对于儿童来说，专业知识不受“晕轮效应”的影响，但不称职可能受到“叉状效应”的影响。
