Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2011 Sep;6(5):341-7. doi: 10.1097/COH.0b013e3283499e11.
Relatively little is known with regards to the mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission across a mucosal surface and more specifically what effects host factors have on influencing infection and early viral dissemination. The purpose of this review is to summarize which factors of the innate immune response can influence mucosal transmission of HIV-1.
A large array of cell types reside at the mucosal surface ranging from Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages as well as CD4⁺ lymphocytes, all of which interact with the virus in a unique and different way and which can contribute to risk of HIV-1 transmission. Numerous factors present in bodily secretions as well as the carrier fluids of HIV-1 (breast milk, vaginal secretions, semen and intestinal mucus) can influence transmission and early virus replication. These range from cytokines, chemokines, small peptides, glycoproteins as well as an array of host intracellular molecules which can influence viral uncoating, reverse transcription as well as egress from the infected cell.
Better understanding the cellular mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission and how different host factor can influence infection will aide in the future development of vaccines, microbicides, and therapies.
对于 HIV-1 通过黏膜表面传播的机制，我们知之甚少，特别是宿主因素如何影响感染和早期病毒传播。本文的目的是总结先天免疫反应的哪些因素可以影响 HIV-1 的黏膜传播。
大量的细胞类型存在于黏膜表面，包括朗格汉斯细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞以及 CD4⁺淋巴细胞，它们以独特和不同的方式与病毒相互作用，这可能导致 HIV-1 传播的风险。存在于体液分泌物以及 HIV-1 载体液（母乳、阴道分泌物、精液和肠道黏液）中的许多因素会影响传播和早期病毒复制。这些因素包括细胞因子、趋化因子、小肽、糖蛋白以及一系列宿主细胞内分子，它们可以影响病毒脱壳、逆转录以及从受感染细胞中逸出。
更好地了解 HIV-1 传播的细胞机制以及不同的宿主因素如何影响感染，将有助于未来疫苗、杀微生物剂和治疗方法的开发。
