The immobilization of DNA molecules to electrodes in confined channels at physiological pH.

Large numbers of DNA molecules are immobilized to electrodes at the physiological pH of 8.0, and the length of the immobilized DNA molecules is controlled using an ac voltage. Efficient DNA immobilization at physiological pH has been demonstrated by integrating electrodes in confined channels 500 nm wide and 100 nm deep. The low volume of the channels allows large numbers of DNA molecules to access the electrode surfaces, leading to efficient immobilization.