Calciphylaxis and systemic calcinosis. Collective review.

The phenomenon of calciphylaxis as defined by Selye is a condition of hypersensitivity that results in acute local calcification of various organs, with a whole host of morbid processes. Nephrocalcinosis and cutaneous calcifications have long been recognized in patients with chronic renal failure, but they have not often been reported in acute hyperparathyroidism or other causes of calcium-phosphate metabolism aberrations. The pathogenesis is not clear, and both the sensitizer and challenging agent in the hypersensitivity theory are often elusive, though hypercalcemia is the most consistent factor. The clinical features vary according to the organs affected and often mimic a gamut of more common conditions. Treatment is primarily supportive, with specific measures only possible when a sensitizer or challenger is identified. Correction of the hypercalcemia is, however, imperative. It is important to recognize this rare condition to avoid the more serious end results often reported.