Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Feb;19(2):550-8. doi: 10.1007/s11356-011-0576-3. Epub 2011 Aug 18.
Nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI) is emerging as a new option for the treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater targeting mainly chlorinated organic contaminants (e.g., solvents, pesticides) and inorganic anions or metals. The purpose of this article is to give a short overview of the practical experience with NZVI applications in Europe and to present a comparison to the situation in the USA. Furthermore, the reasons for the difference in technology use are discussed.
The results in this article are based on an extensive literature review and structured discussions in an expert workshop with experts from Europe and the USA. The evaluation of the experiences was based on a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, threat) analysis.
There are significant differences in the extent and type of technology used between NZVI applications in Europe and the USA. In Europe, only three full-scale remediations with NZVI have been carried out so far, while NZVI is an established treatment method in the USA. Bimetallic particles and emulsified NZVI, which are extensively used in the USA, have not yet been applied in Europe. Economic constraints and the precautionary attitude in Europe raise questions regarding whether NZVI is a cost-effective method for aquifer remediation. Challenges to the commercialization of NZVI include mainly non-technical aspects such as the possibility of a public backlash, the fact that the technology is largely unknown to consultants, governments and site owners as well as the lack of long-term experiences.
Despite these concerns, the results of the current field applications with respect to contaminant reduction are promising, and no major adverse impacts on the environment have been reported so far. It is thus expected that these trials will contribute to promoting the technology in Europe.
纳米零价铁（NZVI）作为一种处理污染土壤和地下水的新选择，正逐渐兴起，主要针对的是氯化有机污染物（如溶剂、农药）和无机阴离子或金属。本文的目的是简要概述欧洲 NZVI 应用的实践经验，并与美国的情况进行比较。此外，还讨论了技术应用差异的原因。
本文的结果基于对欧洲和美国专家的广泛文献综述和专家研讨会的结构化讨论。经验评估基于 SWOT（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）分析。
欧洲和美国的 NZVI 应用在技术应用的范围和类型方面存在显著差异。在欧洲，迄今为止仅进行了三项使用 NZVI 的全规模修复，而在美国，NZVI 是一种成熟的处理方法。在欧洲尚未应用的双金属颗粒和乳化 NZVI，在美国得到了广泛应用。欧洲的经济限制和预防态度引发了关于 NZVI 是否是一种具有成本效益的含水层修复方法的问题。NZVI 商业化面临的挑战主要是非技术方面的问题，如公众反弹的可能性、顾问、政府和场地所有者对该技术知之甚少以及缺乏长期经验等。
尽管存在这些担忧，但目前现场应用在减少污染物方面的结果是有希望的，到目前为止，尚未报告对环境造成重大不利影响。因此，可以预期这些试验将有助于促进欧洲的这项技术。
