Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023601. Epub 2011 Aug 12.
No-take marine reserves are effective management tools used to restore fish biomass and community structure in areas depleted by overfishing. Cabo Pulmo National Park (CPNP) was created in 1995 and is the only well enforced no-take area in the Gulf of California, Mexico, mostly because of widespread support from the local community. In 1999, four years after the establishment of the reserve, there were no significant differences in fish biomass between CPNP (0.75 t ha(-1) on average) and other marine protected areas or open access areas in the Gulf of California. By 2009, total fish biomass at CPNP had increased to 4.24 t ha(-1) (absolute biomass increase of 3.49 t ha(-1), or 463%), and the biomass of top predators and carnivores increased by 11 and 4 times, respectively. However, fish biomass did not change significantly in other marine protected areas or open access areas over the same time period. The absolute increase in fish biomass at CPNP within a decade is the largest measured in a marine reserve worldwide, and it is likely due to a combination of social (strong community leadership, social cohesion, effective enforcement) and ecological factors. The recovery of fish biomass inside CPNP has resulted in significant economic benefits, indicating that community-managed marine reserves are a viable solution to unsustainable coastal development and fisheries collapse in the Gulf of California and elsewhere.
禁捕海洋保护区是一种有效的管理工具，用于恢复因过度捕捞而减少的鱼类生物量和群落结构。卡博普尔莫国家公园（CPNP）于 1995 年成立，是墨西哥加利福尼亚湾唯一执行严格禁捕规定的保护区，这主要得益于当地社区的广泛支持。1999 年，即保护区建立四年后，CPNP 与加利福尼亚湾的其他海洋保护区或开放捕捞区的鱼类生物量没有显著差异（平均为 0.75 吨/公顷）。到 2009 年，CPNP 的总鱼类生物量增加到 4.24 吨/公顷（绝对生物量增加 3.49 吨/公顷，或 463%），顶级捕食者和肉食鱼类的生物量分别增加了 11 倍和 4 倍。然而，在同一时期，其他海洋保护区或开放捕捞区的鱼类生物量没有显著变化。CPNP 在十年内鱼类生物量的绝对增加是全球海洋保护区中测量到的最大增幅，这可能是由于社会（强大的社区领导力、社会凝聚力、有效执法）和生态因素的综合作用。CPNP 内鱼类生物量的恢复带来了显著的经济效益，表明社区管理的海洋保护区是解决加利福尼亚湾和其他地区不可持续的沿海开发和渔业崩溃问题的可行方案。
