Pepe Olimpia, Palomba Simona, Sannino Luigi, Blaiotta Giuseppe, Ventorino Valeria, Moschetti Giancarlo, Villani Francesco
DSA Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Sezione di Microbiologia Agraria, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy.
J Environ Biol. 2011 Mar;32(2):241-50.
Microbiological characterization of frescos in four different locations (Collegio degli Augustali, Casa del Colonnato Tuscanico, Casa dello Scheletro and Casa del Gran Portale) of excavation sites of Herculaneum was carried out. The use of infrared thermography allowed detecting sample points on frescos with greatest moisture not visible to the naked eye, resulting in structural damage. The microclimatic conditions provided perfect habitat for bacteria and fungi, particularly of spore forming and mould. In fact, heterotrophic bacteria were prevalent in all wall paintings monitored (ranging from 18 +/- 2 CFU 100 cm(-2) to 68 +/- 4 CFU 100 cm(-2)), whereas fungi were also detected but at lower levels (ranging from 9 +/- 2 CFU 100 cm(-2) to 45 +/- 3 CFU 100 cm(-2)). Cultural-based method allow us to identify by 16S and 26S rRNA partial sequence analysis heterotrophic microorganisms belonging to different genera of Bacillus and Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium together with the unusual genera as Microascus and Coprinus. By using this approach, Bacillus-related species (B. cereus/B. thuringiensis group, B. simplex/B. muralis group, B. megaterium and B. subtilis) were isolated in all sample points analysed with the exception of the Casa dello Scheletro in which Micrococcus luteus/Arthrobactersp. group and Streptomyces fragilis were found. DGGE analysis of PCR amplified V3 region of rDNA from DNA directly recovered from frescos samples, enabled identification of bacterial species not identified using culturable technology asthose closest related to Microbacterium group, often associated with Brevibacterium, Streptomyces and Stenotrophomonas. Combination of culture-dependent and independent methods provided better microbiology characterization of heterotrophic microbiota present on the surface of ancient frescos of this important archaeological site.
对赫库兰尼姆遗址四个不同地点（奥古斯塔利学院、托斯卡纳柱廊屋、骨骼屋和大门屋）的壁画进行了微生物特征分析。使用红外热成像技术能够检测出壁画上肉眼不可见但湿度最大的采样点，这些点会导致结构损坏。微气候条件为细菌和真菌，尤其是形成孢子的细菌和霉菌提供了理想的栖息地。事实上，在所监测的所有壁画中，异养细菌普遍存在（范围从18±2 CFU 100 cm⁻²到68±4 CFU 100 cm⁻²），而真菌也被检测到，但数量较少（范围从9±2 CFU 100 cm⁻²到45±3 CFU 100 cm⁻²）。基于培养的方法使我们能够通过16S和26S rRNA部分序列分析鉴定出属于芽孢杆菌属、曲霉属、青霉属和镰刀菌属等不同属的异养微生物，以及不常见的微囊菌属和鬼伞属。通过这种方法，除了骨骼屋中发现的藤黄微球菌/节杆菌属群和脆弱链霉菌外，在所有分析的采样点都分离出了芽孢杆菌相关物种（蜡样芽孢杆菌/苏云金芽孢杆菌群、简单芽孢杆菌/壁芽孢杆菌群、巨大芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌）。对直接从壁画样本中回收的DNA进行PCR扩增rDNA的V3区域的DGGE分析，能够鉴定出使用可培养技术未鉴定出的细菌物种，这些细菌与微杆菌属群关系最为密切，通常与短杆菌属、链霉菌属和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌有关。依赖培养和不依赖培养方法的结合为这个重要考古遗址古代壁画表面存在的异养微生物群提供了更好的微生物特征描述。
