DSA Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy.
Microbiol Res. 2010;165(1):21-32. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2008.03.005. Epub 2008 Jun 4.
The Campania region in southern Italy is noted for its large number of churches that harbour invaluable frescoes, dated from the beginnings of the 4th up to the 13th century. The wall paintings represent an integral part of the monuments, and their deterioration constitutes a potentially significant loss for the world's cultural heritage. Heterotrophic microorganisms such as bacteria and mould can grow on the surface of paintings that contain a wide range of organic and inorganic constituents, and provide different ecological niches that are exploited by a large variety of microbial species. We isolated and identified the heterotrophic microorganisms found in the biodegraded medieval wall paintings of seven historical churches in Campania. The paintings showed different levels of microbial contamination. Microbiological analysis of different paintings gave an overview of the different heterotrophic microorganisms. Bacteria and moulds were isolated from 77% of the sampling points analysed, in which the most common type of alteration was discolouration often associated with detachment of the paint layer. Bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA partial sequence analysis. The Bacillus genus was isolated in all churches, even though the type of species was variable, whereas all actinomycetes strains, isolated in five of the seven churches analysed, could be referred to the Streptomyces genus. The similarity of the sequences analysed of the 42 Bacillus spp., 2 Paenibacillus spp. and reference strains of different species showed that these bacteria differentiated in 14 groups. The most frequently occurring taxa were most closely related to Bacillus cereus/thurigiensis/anthracis and Bacillus pumilus groups. Thirteen Streptomyces spp. were differentiated in seven groups on the basis of neighbor-joining analysis of 16S rRNA. Fungi belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Alternaria were also isolated from deteriorated wall paintings.
意大利南部的坎帕尼亚地区以其拥有大量壁画的教堂而闻名，这些壁画可以追溯到 4 世纪初到 13 世纪。这些壁画是这些古迹的重要组成部分，它们的损坏对世界文化遗产构成了潜在的重大损失。异养微生物，如细菌和霉菌，可以在含有各种有机和无机成分的壁画表面生长，并提供多种微生物物种利用的不同生态位。我们从坎帕尼亚地区 7 座历史教堂的中世纪壁画生物降解物中分离并鉴定了异养微生物。这些壁画显示出不同程度的微生物污染。对不同壁画的微生物分析提供了不同异养微生物的概述。从分析的 77%采样点中分离出细菌和霉菌，其中最常见的变质类型是变色，通常与漆膜脱落有关。细菌菌株通过 16S rRNA 部分序列分析进行鉴定。在所有教堂中都分离到了芽孢杆菌属，尽管物种类型不同，而在分析的 7 座教堂中的 5 座中分离到的所有放线菌菌株都可以归入链霉菌属。分析的 42 株芽孢杆菌、2 株类芽孢杆菌和不同种参考菌株的序列相似性表明，这些细菌分化为 14 个组。最常出现的分类群与蜡样芽孢杆菌/苏云金芽孢杆菌/炭疽芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌组最为密切相关。基于 16S rRNA 的邻接法分析，从退化壁画中分离出的 13 株链霉菌属被分为 7 个组。从退化壁画中还分离到属于青霉属、曲霉属、镰刀菌属和链格孢属的真菌。
