Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2011 Sep;40(3):461-71, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.06.001.
Mammary development begins in puberty in response to an estrogen (E(2)) surge. E(2) does not act alone. It relies on pituitary growth hormone (GH) to induce insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) production in the mammary stromal compartment. In turn, IGF-I permits E(2) (and progesterone) action. During puberty, E(2) and IGF-I synergize for ductal morphogenesis. During pregnancy, progesterone joins IGF-I and E(2) to stimulate secretory differentiation necessary to produce milk. Prolactin stimulates milk production, while transforming growth factor-β inhibits proliferation. The orchestrated action of hormones, growth factors, and receptors necessary for mammary development and function are also critical in breast cancer.
乳腺发育始于青春期，是对雌激素（E(2)）激增的反应。E(2)并非单独起作用。它依赖于垂体生长激素（GH）诱导乳腺基质腔内胰岛素样生长因子 I（IGF-I）的产生。反过来，IGF-I 允许 E(2)（和孕酮）发挥作用。在青春期，E(2)和 IGF-I 协同作用于导管形态发生。在怀孕期间，孕酮与 IGF-I 和 E(2)一起刺激分泌分化，这是产生乳汁所必需的。催乳素刺激乳汁分泌，而转化生长因子-β抑制增殖。激素、生长因子和受体的协调作用对于乳腺的发育和功能也是至关重要的，它们在乳腺癌中也同样关键。
