Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Oct 12;366(1579):2766-73. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0102.
Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to reduce the considerable disease burden of seasonal influenza. Although seasonal influenza vaccines are effective, their performance in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals would benefit from improvement. Major problems related to the development and production of pandemic influenza vaccines are response time and production capacity as well as vaccine efficacy and safety. Several improvements can be envisaged. Vaccine production technologies based on embryonated chicken eggs may be replaced by cell culture techniques. Reverse genetics techniques can speed up the generation of seed viruses and new mathematical modelling methods improve vaccine strain selection. Better understanding of the correlates of immune-mediated protection may lead to new vaccine targets besides the viral haemagglutinin, like the neuraminidase and M2 proteins. In addition, the role of cell-mediated immunity could be better exploited. New adjuvants have recently been shown to increase the breadth and the duration of influenza vaccine-induced protection. Other studies have shown that influenza vaccines based on different viral vector systems may also induce broad protection. It is to be expected that these developments may lead to more universal influenza vaccines that elicit broader and longer protection, and can be produced more efficiently.
接种疫苗是减轻季节性流感带来的巨大疾病负担的最具成本效益的方法。虽然季节性流感疫苗是有效的，但在老年人和免疫功能低下者中的效果仍有待提高。大流行性流感疫苗开发和生产方面存在的主要问题是反应时间和生产能力以及疫苗的功效和安全性。可以设想进行一些改进。以鸡胚为基础的疫苗生产技术可能会被细胞培养技术所取代。反向遗传学技术可以加快种子病毒的产生，新的数学建模方法可以改进疫苗株的选择。对免疫介导的保护相关性的更好理解可能会导致除了血凝素之外的新疫苗靶点，例如神经氨酸酶和 M2 蛋白。此外，细胞介导的免疫作用可以得到更好的利用。最近的研究表明，新型佐剂可以增加流感疫苗诱导的保护的广度和持续时间。其他研究表明，基于不同病毒载体系统的流感疫苗也可以诱导广泛的保护。预计这些进展可能会带来更通用的流感疫苗，能够产生更广泛和更持久的保护作用，并且可以更有效地生产。
