Friedland G
Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Jun;22(6 Pt 2):1171-4. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(90)70160-j.
There are only three known routes of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): (1) exposure to blood via transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles by drug abusers, occupational needle stick or blood spill, unsterile needle injections; (2) sexual transmission; (3) perinatal exposure. There is no evidence for transmission by close interpersonal nonsexual contact or insect vectors. Health care workers are at risk for HIV transmission through accidental parenteral inoculation or extensive exposure to blood on nonintact skin or mucous membranes. Fortunately, population studies indicate that this risk is low and may be further reduced by adherence to simple infection control guidelines. The accumulated information on low rates of occupational transmission of HIV makes unwarranted the treatment of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or HIV infection as if they were highly contagious in the health care setting.
已知人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）仅有三种传播途径：（1）通过输血接触血液、药物滥用者共用受污染的针头、职业性针刺或血液外溅、不无菌的针头注射；（2）性传播；（3）围产期接触。没有证据表明通过密切的非性人际接触或昆虫媒介会发生传播。医护人员有通过意外非肠道接种或在破损皮肤或黏膜上大量接触血液而感染HIV的风险。幸运的是，人群研究表明这种风险很低，并且通过遵守简单的感染控制指南可能会进一步降低。关于HIV职业传播低发生率的累积信息表明，将获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）或HIV感染患者当作在医疗环境中具有高度传染性来对待是没有必要的。
