Stone J L, Miles M L
Department of Surgery, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois.
Neurosurgery. 1990 Jun;26(6):1015-9; discussion 1019-20. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199006000-00016.
The authors reviewed anthropological reports of skull trepanation (trephination) among the early Indians of Canada and the United States of America. Published reports of 20 trepanations in 19 skulls are reviewed. All were believed to have been performed ante mortem. Most were from the pre-Columbian era. Eleven were from Canada (8 from British Columbia) and 8 from the United States. The location of skull perforation was parietal in 9 cases and less often frontal (3) or occipital (3). The average skull opening was oval or oblong, with a diameter of 3.0 cm. The method of trepanation was probably gradual scraping in most cases. Skull fractures were not present in any case. About 90% of the trepanations showed evidence of healing, indicating survival. The authors discuss the evidence for skull trepanation in the United States and Canada, and compare these findings to the better studied South and Central American material.
作者回顾了加拿大和美利坚合众国早期印第安人头骨环锯术（穿孔术）的人类学报告。对已发表的19个颅骨上20例环锯术的报告进行了回顾。所有手术均被认为是在生前进行的。大多数来自前哥伦布时代。11例来自加拿大（8例来自不列颠哥伦比亚省），8例来自美国。颅骨穿孔的位置在顶骨的有9例，较少见于额骨（3例）或枕骨（3例）。颅骨开口平均为椭圆形或长方形，直径为3.0厘米。在大多数情况下，环锯术的方法可能是逐渐刮擦。所有病例均未出现颅骨骨折。约90%的环锯术显示有愈合迹象，表明患者存活。作者讨论了美国和加拿大颅骨环锯术的证据，并将这些发现与研究更充分的南美洲和中美洲材料进行了比较。
