Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human disease vectors control, Arusha, Tanzania.
Parasit Vectors. 2011 Sep 26;4:184. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-184.
Chemical and behavioural ecology of mosquitoes plays an important role in the development of chemical cue based vector control. To date, studies available have focused on evaluating mosquito attractants and repellents of synthetic and human origins. This study, however, was aimed at seasonal evaluation of the efficiency of cow urine in producing oviposition cues to Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex quinquefasciatus in both laboratory and field conditions.
Oviposition response evaluation in laboratory conditions was carried out in mosquito rearing cages. The oviposition substrates were located in parallel or in diagonal positions inside the cage. Urine evaluation against gravid females of An. arabiensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus was carried out at Day 1, Day 3 and Day 7. Five millilitres (mls) of cow urine was added to oviposition substrate while de-chlorinated water was used as a control. In field experiments, 500 mls of cow urine was added in artificial habitats with 2500 mls of de-chlorinated water and 2 kgs of soil. The experiment was monitored for thirty consecutive days, eggs were collected daily from the habitats at 7.00 hrs. Data analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests for treatments and controls while attraction of the oviposition substrate in each species was presented using Oviposition Activity Index (OAI).
The OAI was positive with ageing of cattle urine in culicine species in both laboratory and field experiments. The OAI for anopheline species was positive with fresh urine. The OAI during the rainy season was positive for all species tested while in the dry season the OAI for culicine spp and Anopheles gambiae s.l., changed with time from positive to negative values.Based on linear model analysis, seasons and treatments had a significant effect on the number of eggs laid in habitats, even though the number of days had no effect.
Oviposition substrates treated with cow urine in both laboratory and field conditions have shown that cow urine left to age from 1-7 days has an influence on oviposition behavioural response in mosquitoes. The analysis of microbial colonies for decaying urine should be investigated along with its associated by-products.
蚊子的化学和行为生态学在基于化学线索的病媒控制的发展中起着重要作用。迄今为止，已有研究集中于评估合成和人类来源的蚊子引诱剂和驱避剂。然而，本研究旨在季节性评估牛尿在产生产卵线索方面对冈比亚按蚊和致倦库蚊的效率，无论是在实验室条件下还是在野外条件下。
在实验室条件下，通过在蚊子饲养笼中进行产卵反应评估。产卵基质位于笼内平行或对角位置。对第 1 天、第 3 天和第 7 天的阿拉伯按蚊和致倦库蚊的孕雌蚊进行尿液评估。将 5 毫升牛尿添加到产卵基质中，而脱氯水则用作对照。在野外实验中，在人工栖息地中添加 500 毫升牛尿，其中包含 2500 毫升脱氯水和 2 公斤土壤。实验监测了连续 30 天，每天早上 7 点从栖息地收集卵。使用参数和非参数检验对处理和对照进行数据分析，同时使用产卵活动指数（OAI）表示每种物种对产卵基质的吸引力。
在实验室和野外实验中，牛尿随时间老化对库蚊种类的 OAI 呈阳性。对按蚊种类，新鲜尿液的 OAI 呈阳性。雨季所有测试物种的 OAI 均呈阳性，而旱季库蚊和冈比亚按蚊 s.l.的 OAI 随时间从正值变为负值。基于线性模型分析，季节和处理对栖息地中产卵数量有显著影响，尽管天数没有影响。
在实验室和野外条件下，用牛尿处理的产卵基质表明，从 1 到 7 天老化的牛尿对蚊子的产卵行为反应有影响。应调查尿液腐烂过程中的微生物菌落及其相关副产物。
