Weiss Margaret D, Baer Susan, Allan Blake A, Saran Kelly, Schibuk Heidi
Children's and Women's Health Centre of BC, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak St., PO Box 178, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.
Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2011 Dec;3(4):327-34. doi: 10.1007/s12402-011-0065-z. Epub 2011 Sep 24.
Children's use of electronic media, including Internet and video gaming, has increased dramatically to an average in the general population of roughly 3 h per day. Some children cannot control their Internet use leading to increasing research on "internet addiction." The objective of this article is to review the research on ADHD as a risk factor for Internet addiction and gaming, its complications, and what research and methodological questions remain to be addressed. The literature search was done in PubMed and Psychinfo, as well as by hand. Previous research has demonstrated rates of Internet addiction as high as 25% in the population and that it is addiction more than time of use that is best correlated with psychopathology. Various studies confirm that psychiatric disorders, and ADHD in particular, are associated with overuse, with severity of ADHD specifically correlated with the amount of use. ADHD children may be vulnerable since these games operate in brief segments that are not attention demanding. In addition, they offer immediate rewards with a strong incentive to increase the reward by trying the next level. The time spent on these games may also exacerbate ADHD symptoms, if not directly then through the loss of time spent on more developmentally challenging tasks. While this is a major issue for many parents, there is no empirical research on effective treatment. Internet and off-line gaming overuse and addiction are serious concerns for ADHD youth. Research is limited by the lack of measures for youth or parents, studies of children at risk, and studies of impact and treatment.
儿童对电子媒体的使用，包括互联网和视频游戏，已急剧增加，普通人群中的日均使用时长约为3小时。一些儿童无法控制自己使用互联网的行为，这导致了对“网络成瘾”的研究不断增加。本文的目的是综述将注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）作为网络成瘾和游戏成瘾的风险因素、其并发症以及仍有待解决的研究和方法学问题的相关研究。文献检索在PubMed和Psychinfo数据库以及通过手工方式进行。先前的研究表明，人群中的网络成瘾率高达25%，而且与精神病理学关联最大的是成瘾而非使用时长。各项研究证实，精神障碍，尤其是ADHD，与过度使用有关，ADHD的严重程度与使用量具体相关。ADHD儿童可能易受影响，因为这些游戏以简短的片段运行，不需要太多注意力。此外，它们能立即给予奖励，并有强烈的激励促使玩家通过尝试下一关来增加奖励。花在这些游戏上的时间也可能会加剧ADHD症状，即便不是直接加剧，也会因减少了花在更具发展挑战性任务上的时间而加剧。虽然这对许多家长来说是个大问题，但目前尚无关于有效治疗方法的实证研究。互联网和线下游戏的过度使用及成瘾是ADHD青少年面临的严重问题。研究受到缺乏针对青少年或家长的测量方法、对有风险儿童的研究以及对影响和治疗的研究的限制。
