Nuclei and cell cycle, Institut Jacques Monod-UMR 7592 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2010 Nov-Dec;1(3):415-31. doi: 10.1002/wrna.39. Epub 2010 Sep 22.
The nucleolus is the ribosome factory of the cells. This is the nuclear domain where ribosomal RNAs are synthesized, processed, and assembled with ribosomal proteins. Here we describe the classical tripartite organization of the nucleolus in mammals, reflecting ribosomal gene transcription and pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing efficiency: fibrillar center, dense fibrillar component, and granular component. We review the nucleolar organization across evolution from the bipartite organization in yeast to the tripartite organization in humans. We discuss the basic principles of nucleolar assembly and nucleolar structure/function relationship in RNA metabolism. The control of nucleolar assembly is presented as well as the role of pre-existing machineries and pre-rRNAs inherited from the previous cell cycle. In addition, nucleoli carry many essential extra ribosomal functions and are closely linked to cellular homeostasis and human health. The last part of this review presents recent advances in nucleolar dysfunctions in human pathology such as cancer and virus infections that modify the nucleolar organization.
核仁是细胞的核糖体工厂。这是核内域，核糖体 RNA 在这里被合成、加工，并与核糖体蛋白组装。在这里，我们描述了哺乳动物核仁的经典三分体结构，反映了核糖体基因转录和前核糖体 RNA（pre-rRNA）加工效率：纤维中心、密集纤维成分和颗粒成分。我们从酵母的二分体组织到人类的三分体组织综述了核仁组织在进化过程中的变化。我们讨论了核仁组装的基本原则以及核仁结构/功能与 RNA 代谢的关系。核仁组装的控制以及前体细胞周期中遗留的已有机制和 pre-rRNA 的作用都有所提及。此外，核仁还具有许多重要的核糖体以外的功能，与细胞内稳态和人类健康密切相关。这篇综述的最后一部分介绍了核仁在人类病理学中的功能障碍的最新进展，例如癌症和病毒感染会改变核仁的组织。
