Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Anal Chem. 2011 Nov 15;83(22):8420-8. doi: 10.1021/ac201159e. Epub 2011 Oct 24.
This work shows the benefits of characterizing historic paintings via compositional and microtextural data from micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) combined with molecular information acquired with Raman microscopy (RM) along depth profiles in paint stratigraphies. The novel approach was applied to identify inorganic and organic components from paintings placed at the 14th century Islamic University-Madrasah Yusufiyya-in Granada (Spain), the only Islamic University still standing from the time of Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). The use of μ-XRD to obtain quantitative microtextural information of crystalline phases provided by two-dimensional diffraction patterns to recognize pigments nature and manufacture, and decay processes in complex paint cross sections, has not been reported yet. A simple Nasrid (14th century) palette made of gypsum, vermilion, and azurite mixed with glue was identified in polychromed stuccos. Here also a Christian intervention was found via the use of smalt, barite, hematite, Brunswick green and gold; oil was the binding media employed. On mural paintings and wood ceilings, more complex palettes dated to the 19th century were found, made of gypsum, anhydrite, barite, dolomite, calcite, lead white, hematite, minium, synthetic ultramarine blue, and black carbon. The identified binders were glue, egg yolk, and oil.
这项工作展示了通过微 X 射线衍射（μ-XRD）结合拉曼显微镜（RM）获取的组成和微观结构数据对历史画作进行特征描述的好处，这些数据可沿颜料层的深度剖面获得。该新方法应用于识别位于西班牙格拉纳达的 14 世纪伊斯兰大学-优素福学院（Madrasah Yusufiyya）的画作中的无机和有机成分，这是安达卢斯时期（伊斯兰西班牙）仅存的一座伊斯兰大学。使用 μ-XRD 从二维衍射图谱中获取结晶相的定量微观结构信息，以识别颜料的性质和制造工艺，以及复杂颜料截面中的衰变过程，这在以前是没有报道过的。在多彩的灰泥中发现了一种由石膏、朱砂和蓝铜矿与胶水混合而成的简单的纳斯里德（14 世纪）调色板。这里还通过使用青金石、重晶石、赤铁矿、布伦瑞克绿和金发现了一个基督教的干预，使用的是油作为结合剂。在壁画和木天花板上，发现了更复杂的调色板，可追溯到 19 世纪，由石膏、硬石膏、重晶石、白云石、方解石、铅白、赤铁矿、密陀僧、合成群青和黑碳制成。鉴定出的粘合剂是胶水、蛋黄和油。
