Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Viruses. 2011 Jun;3(6):629-58. doi: 10.3390/v3060629. Epub 2011 Jun 1.
A myriad of factors favor the emergence and re-emergence of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), including migration, climate change, intensified livestock production, an increasing volume of international trade and transportation, and changes to ecosystems (e.g., deforestation and loss of biodiversity). Consequently, arboviruses are distributed worldwide and represent over 30% of all emerging infectious diseases identified in the past decade. Although some arboviral infections go undetected or are associated with mild, flu-like symptoms, many are important human and veterinary pathogens causing serious illnesses such as arthritis, gastroenteritis, encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever and devastating economic loss as a consequence of lost productivity and high mortality rates among livestock. One of the most consistent molecular features of emerging arboviruses, in addition to their near exclusive use of RNA genomes, is the inclusion of viral, non-structural proteins that act as interferon antagonists. In this review, we describe these interferon antagonists and common strategies that arboviruses use to counter the host innate immune response. In addition, we discuss the complex interplay between host factors and viral determinants that are associated with virus emergence and re-emergence, and identify potential targets for vaccine and anti-viral therapies.
多种因素有利于虫媒病毒（arboviruses）的出现和再现，包括迁移、气候变化、集约化畜牧业生产、国际贸易和运输量的增加以及生态系统的变化（例如，森林砍伐和生物多样性丧失）。因此，arboviruses 分布在全球各地，占过去十年中确定的所有新发传染病的 30%以上。尽管一些 arboviral 感染未被发现或与轻微的流感样症状有关，但许多 arboviruses 是重要的人畜共患病病原体，可导致严重疾病，如关节炎、肠胃炎、脑炎和出血热，并因生产力下降和牲畜死亡率高而造成毁灭性的经济损失。除了它们几乎专门使用 RNA 基因组之外，新兴 arboviruses 的最一致的分子特征之一是包含作为干扰素拮抗剂的病毒非结构蛋白。在这篇综述中，我们描述了这些干扰素拮抗剂和 arboviruses 用来对抗宿主固有免疫反应的常见策略。此外，我们还讨论了与病毒出现和再现相关的宿主因素和病毒决定因素之间的复杂相互作用，并确定了疫苗和抗病毒治疗的潜在靶点。
