Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Hum Brain Mapp. 2012 Nov;33(11):2728-40. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21396. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
Recognition of objects and their relations is necessary for orienting in real life. We examined cognitive processes related to recognition of objects, their relations, and the patterns they form by using the game of chess. Chess enables us to compare experts with novices and thus gain insight in the nature of development of recognition skills. Eye movement recordings showed that experts were generally faster than novices on a task that required enumeration of relations between chess objects because their extensive knowledge enabled them to immediately focus on the objects of interest. The advantage was less pronounced on random positions where the location of chess objects, and thus typical relations between them, was randomized. Neuroimaging data related experts' superior performance to the areas along the dorsal stream-bilateral posterior temporal areas and left inferior parietal lobe were related to recognition of object and their functions. The bilateral collateral sulci, together with bilateral retrosplenial cortex, were also more sensitive to normal than random positions among experts indicating their involvement in pattern recognition. The pattern of activations suggests experts engage the same regions as novices, but also that they employ novel additional regions. Expert processing, as the final stage of development, is qualitatively different than novice processing, which can be viewed as the starting stage. Since we are all experts in real life and dealing with meaningful stimuli in typical contexts, our results underline the importance of expert-like cognitive processing on generalization of laboratory results to everyday life.
物体及其关系的识别对于在现实生活中定向是必要的。我们通过国际象棋游戏来检查与识别物体、它们的关系以及它们形成的模式相关的认知过程。国际象棋使我们能够将专家与新手进行比较，从而深入了解识别技能发展的本质。眼动记录表明，在需要枚举国际象棋物体之间关系的任务上，专家通常比新手更快，因为他们广泛的知识使他们能够立即关注感兴趣的物体。在随机位置上，这种优势不太明显，因为国际象棋物体的位置和它们之间的典型关系是随机的。神经影像学数据将专家的优异表现与沿背侧流的区域相关联——双侧颞后区和左侧下顶叶与物体及其功能的识别有关。双侧 collateral sulci 与双侧后扣带回皮层一样，在专家中对正常位置比对随机位置更敏感，表明它们参与模式识别。激活模式表明，专家使用与新手相同的区域，但也使用新的额外区域。专家处理是发展的最后阶段，与新手处理不同，新手处理可以看作是起始阶段。由于我们在现实生活中都是专家，并且在典型的情境中处理有意义的刺激，因此我们的结果强调了类似专家的认知处理对于将实验室结果推广到日常生活的重要性。
