Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Nov 23;59(22):12073-82. doi: 10.1021/jf202969e. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
Amaranthus hybridus and Amaranthus mantegazzianus are commonly cultivated and the entire young fresh plants consumed as vegetables in regions of Africa and Asia. A. hybridus and A. mantegazzianus were cultivated at four sites in three climate regions of the world: Santa Rosa, Argentina; Lleida, Spain; and Prague and Olomouc, both in the Czech Republic. The contents of flavonoids (isoquercitrin, rutin, nicotiflorin), hydroxybenzoic acids (protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid), hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid), hydroxycinnamyl amides (N-trans-feruloyltyramine, N-trans-feruloyl-4-O-methyldopamine), and betaines (glycinebetaine, trigonelline) were determined. The variation in phytochemical content due to species and cultivation site was analyzed utilizing the multivariate statistical methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and graphical model (GM). The Argentinean samples differed from the three other locations due to higher contents of most compounds. The samples from Spain and the Czech Republic differed from each other in the content of the negatively correlated metabolites trigonelline and the flavonoids. The two amaranth species were separated primarily by a higher content of trigonelline and the two hydroxycinnamyl amides in A. mantegazzianus. The GM showed that the quantities of the different analytes within each compound group were intercorrelated except in the case of the betaines. The betaines carried no information on each other that was not given through correlations with other compounds. The hydroxycinnamic acids were a key group of compounds in this analysis as they separated the other groups from each other (i.e., carried information on all of the other groups). This study showed the contents of polyphenols and betaines in the aerial parts of vegetable amaranth to be very dependent on growth conditions, but also revealed that some of the compounds (trigonelline and the two hydroxycinnamyl amides) may be useful as features of a taxonomic classification.
苋菜（Amaranthus hybridus）和籽粒苋（Amaranthus mantegazzianus）是常见的栽培植物，在非洲和亚洲的部分地区，人们会将整株鲜嫩的植株作为蔬菜食用。在世界的三个气候区的四个地点（阿根廷的圣罗莎、西班牙的莱里达、捷克共和国的布拉格和奥洛穆茨）种植了 A. hybridus 和 A. mantegazzianus。测定了类黄酮（异槲皮苷、芦丁、烟酰胺）、羟基苯甲酸（原儿茶酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸）、羟基肉桂酸（咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸）、羟基肉桂酰酰胺（N-反式阿魏酰酪胺、N-反式阿魏酰-4-O-甲基多巴胺）和甜菜碱（甘氨酸甜菜碱、三叶草碱）的含量。利用主成分分析（PCA）和图形模型（GM）等多元统计方法分析了由于物种和种植地点的不同而导致的植物化学物质含量的变化。阿根廷的样本与其他三个地点的样本不同，因为它们含有更多的大多数化合物。西班牙和捷克共和国的样本在负相关代谢物三叶草碱和类黄酮的含量上有所不同。这两个苋属物种主要通过更高的三叶草碱和两种羟基肉桂酰酰胺的含量来区分。GM 表明，每个化合物组内的不同分析物的数量是相互关联的，除了甜菜碱的情况。甜菜碱彼此之间没有信息传递，除非通过与其他化合物的相关性。在这项分析中，羟基肉桂酸是一组关键的化合物，因为它们将其他组彼此分开（即，携带了所有其他组的信息）。本研究表明，蔬菜苋菜地上部分的多酚和甜菜碱含量非常依赖于生长条件，但也表明一些化合物（三叶草碱和两种羟基肉桂酰酰胺）可能可作为分类学特征。
