Salmonella spp. survival strategies within the host gastrointestinal tract.

Human salmonellosis infections are usually acquired via the food chain as a result of the ability of Salmonella serovars to colonize and persist within the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts. In addition, after food ingestion and in order to cause foodborne disease in humans, Salmonella must be able to resist several deleterious stress conditions which are part of the host defence against infections. This review gives an overview of the main defensive mechanisms involved in the Salmonella response to the extreme acid conditions of the stomach, and the elevated concentrations of bile salts, osmolytes and commensal bacterial metabolites, and the low oxygen tension conditions of the mammalian and avian gastrointestinal tracts.