Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews, 3230 Newmark Lab, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Dec 15;45(24):10385-93. doi: 10.1021/es202067f. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
Although the sunlight-mediated inactivation of viruses has been recognized as an important process that controls surface water quality, the mechanisms of virus inactivation by sunlight are not yet clearly understood. We investigated the synergistic role of temperature and Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM), an exogenous sensitizer, for sunlight-mediated inactivation of porcine rotavirus and MS2 bacteriophage. Upon irradiation by a full spectrum of simulated sunlight in the absence of SRNOM and in the temperature range of 14-42 °C, high inactivation rate constants, k(obs), of MS2 (k(obs) ≤ 3.8 h(-1) or 1-log(10) over 0.6 h) and rotavirus (k(obs) ≤ 11.8 h(-1) or ∼1-log(10) over 0.2 h) were measured. A weak temperature (14-42 °C) dependence of k(obs) values was observed for both viruses irradiated by the full sunlight spectrum. Under the same irradiation condition, the presence of SRNOM reduced the inactivation of both viruses due to attenuation of lower wavelengths of the simulated sunlight. For rotavirus and MS2 solutions irradiated by only UVA and visible light in the absence of SRNOM, inactivation kinetics were slow (k(obs) < 0.3 h(-1) or <1-log(10) unit reduction over 7 h) and temperature-independent for the range considered. Conversely, under UVA and visible light irradiation and in the presence of SRNOM, temperature-dependent inactivation of MS2 was observed. For rotavirus, the SRNOM-mediated exogenous inactivation was only important at temperatures >33 °C, with low rotavirus k(obs) values (k(obs) ≈ 0.2 h(-1); 1-log(10) unit reduction over 12 h) for the temperature range of 14-33 °C. These k(obs) values increased to 0.5 h(-1) at 43 °C and 1.5 h(-1) (1-log(10) reduction over 1.6 h) at 50 °C. While SRNOM-mediated exogenous inactivation of MS2 was triggered by singlet oxygen, the presence of hydrogen peroxide was important for rotavirus inactivation in the 40-50 °C range.
尽管阳光介导的病毒失活已被认为是控制地表水质量的重要过程，但阳光介导的病毒失活机制尚不清楚。我们研究了温度和苏万尼河天然有机物（SRNOM）作为外源性敏化剂对猪轮状病毒和 MS2 噬菌体的协同作用。在没有 SRNOM 和 14-42°C 的温度范围内，用全光谱模拟阳光照射时，MS2（k obs≤3.8 h -1或 0.6 h 内 1-log（10））和轮状病毒（k obs≤11.8 h -1或 0.2 h 内 1-log（10））的高灭活率常数 k obs得到测量。在全阳光光谱照射下，两种病毒的 k obs值都表现出弱的温度（14-42°C）依赖性。在相同的辐照条件下，由于模拟阳光的低波长衰减，SRNOM 的存在降低了两种病毒的失活。对于仅用 UVA 和可见光照射且没有 SRNOM 的轮状病毒和 MS2 溶液，失活动力学较慢（k obs <0.3 h -1或 7 h 内 1-log（10）单位减少）且温度无关对于所考虑的范围。相反，在 UVA 和可见光辐照以及存在 SRNOM 的情况下，观察到 MS2 的温度依赖性失活。对于轮状病毒，只有在温度>33°C 时，SRNOM 介导的外源性失活才重要，在 14-33°C 的温度范围内，轮状病毒的 k obs值较低（k obs≈0.2 h -1；12 h 内 1-log（10）单位减少）。这些 k obs值在 43°C 时增加到 0.5 h -1，在 50°C 时增加到 1.5 h -1（1.6 h 内 1-log（10）减少）。虽然 SRNOM 介导的 MS2 外源性失活是由单线态氧触发的，但在 40-50°C 范围内，过氧化氢的存在对轮状病毒的失活很重要。
