Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Water Res. 2011 Dec 1;45(19):6515-24. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.052. Epub 2011 Oct 2.
The European REACH legislation establishes the need to study the toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation of those chemicals with an exceeding production of 100tons and/or chemicals considered PBTs substances (Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity). Currently, the OECD technical guideline 305 is the most used protocol to determine bioconcentration factors of contaminants in aquatic environments. However, this procedure implies high cost and amount of adult fishes. Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) has been selected since this animal model has several advantageous features over other vertebrates, mainly fast embryonic development and easy growth. The analytical methodology here developed has been applied to calculate the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of two contaminants: inorganic arsenic and tributyltin (measured as arsenic and tin). The method is based on the use of an ultrasonic probe assisted extraction for accelerating the sample treatment followed by detection using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman correction (ZGFAAS). Results obtained for the BCFs values are in good agreement with previously reported data on freshwater aquatic organisms. In the case of arsenic, after exposing larvae to concentrations of 5 and 50μgL(-1), very low BCFs were observed (between 2.2 and 9.5); while for tributyltin, the BCFs observed were within the range 840-1280 after exposure to concentrations of 0.2 and 2.0μgL(-1), respectively. This study shows the use of zebrafish larvae together with the proposed analytical approach as a promising alternative to the OECD 305 test to evaluate the BCFs of classical and emergent contaminants.
欧洲 REACH 法规规定，需要研究那些产量超过 100 吨或被认为是持久性、生物累积性和毒性物质（PBT）的化学品的毒性、持久性和生物累积性。目前，经合组织技术准则 305 是用于确定水生环境中污染物生物浓缩因子的最常用方法。然而，该程序涉及高成本和大量成鱼。斑马鱼（Danio Rerio）已被选中，因为这种动物模型相对于其他脊椎动物具有许多优势，主要是快速的胚胎发育和易于生长。这里开发的分析方法已被用于计算两种污染物的生物浓缩因子（BCFs）：无机砷和三丁基锡（以砷和锡测量）。该方法基于使用超声波探针辅助提取来加速样品处理，然后使用带有 Zeeman 校正的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（ZGFAAS）进行检测。BCFs 值的结果与以前关于淡水水生生物的报告数据非常吻合。就砷而言，在将幼虫暴露于 5 和 50μgL(-1)浓度下后，观察到非常低的 BCFs（在 2.2 和 9.5 之间）；而对于三丁基锡，在分别暴露于 0.2 和 2.0μgL(-1)浓度下时，观察到的 BCFs 分别在 840-1280 范围内。这项研究表明，使用斑马鱼幼虫和提出的分析方法可以作为评估经典和新兴污染物 BCFs 的替代 OECD 305 测试。
