Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
Neuroimage. 2012 Aug 15;62(2):682-92. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.009. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) allows immediate access to experimental results by analyzing data as fast as they are acquired. It was devised soon after the inception of fMRI and has undergone a rapid development since then. The availability of results during the ongoing experiment facilitates a variety of applications such as quality assurance or fast functional localization. RtfMRI can also be used as a brain-computer interface (BCI) with high spatial resolution and whole-brain coverage, overcoming limitations of EEG based BCIs. This review will focus on the application of rtfMRI BCIs to neurofeedback, i.e., the online feedback of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response. I will motivate its development and place its beginnings into the contemporary scientific context by providing an account of our early work at the University of Tübingen, followed by a review of the accomplishments and the current state of rtfMRI neurofeedback. RtfMRI neurofeedback has been used to train self-regulation of the local BOLD response in various different brain areas and to study consequential behavioral effects. Behavioral effects such as modulation of pain, reaction time, linguistic or emotional processing have been shown in healthy and/or patient populations. RtfMRI neurofeedback presents a new paradigm for studying the relation between brain behavior and physiology, because the latter can be regarded as the independent variable (unlike in conventional neuroimaging studies where behavior is the independent variable). The initial results in patient populations improving pain, tinnitus, depression or modulating perception in schizophrenia are encouraging and merit further controlled clinical studies.
实时功能磁共振成像（rtfMRI）通过对数据进行实时分析，使实验结果能够立即得到访问。它是在功能磁共振成像出现后不久设计的，从那时起就经历了快速发展。在实验过程中获得结果，可以方便地进行各种应用，例如质量保证或快速功能定位。rtfMRI 也可以用作具有高空间分辨率和全脑覆盖范围的脑机接口（BCI），克服了基于 EEG 的 BCI 的局限性。本综述将重点介绍 rtfMRI BCI 在神经反馈中的应用，即血氧水平依赖（BOLD）反应的在线反馈。我将通过提供我们在图宾根大学的早期工作的说明来激发其发展，并将其开端置于当代科学背景下，然后回顾 rtfMRI 神经反馈的成就和现状。rtfMRI 神经反馈已被用于训练大脑各个不同区域的局部 BOLD 反应的自我调节，并研究其带来的行为后果。在健康人群和/或患者人群中已经显示出了诸如疼痛、反应时间、语言或情感处理等行为效应的调制。rtfMRI 神经反馈为研究大脑行为和生理学之间的关系提供了一种新的范例，因为后者可以被视为自变量（与传统的神经影像学研究不同，在传统的神经影像学研究中，行为是自变量）。在改善疼痛、耳鸣、抑郁或调节精神分裂症患者感知方面的初步结果令人鼓舞，值得进一步进行对照临床试验。
