Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
Annu Rev Med. 2012;63:525-40. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-051810-101036. Epub 2011 Oct 24.
Knowledge of normal male reproductive function and familiarity with the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of male subfertility is beneficial for most physicians. Male subfertility is often correctable, may be genetically transmissible, and may be associated with occult health-threatening conditions. Herein we present an overview of male reproductive medicine, which has been revolutionized in the past two decades by dramatic scientific and therapeutic advances. The development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection and its successful application to sperm retrieved from the epididymis or testis have made biological paternity possible in men previously considered sterile. Microsurgical techniques for vasal-epididymal reconstruction and sperm retrieval have been refined. Novel tests of semen quality have been developed. Medical therapies to improve sperm production, such as estrogen receptor modulation and aromatase inhibition, have been used increasingly in clinical practice. Finally, associations between male subfertility and a spectrum of health-threatening conditions have been recognized.
男性生殖功能的知识以及对男性不育症的诊断评估和治疗的熟悉对大多数医生都有益处。男性不育症通常是可以纠正的，可能具有遗传易感性，并且可能与潜在的威胁健康的情况有关。本文概述了男性生殖医学，在过去的二十年中，由于科学和治疗方法的巨大进步，该领域发生了革命性的变化。胞浆内精子注射的发展及其成功应用于从附睾或睾丸中获取的精子，使得以前被认为不育的男性能够实现生物学上的父权。输精管附睾重建和精子获取的显微外科技术已经得到了改进。新的精液质量测试已经开发出来。越来越多的临床实践中使用了改善精子生成的医学疗法，例如雌激素受体调节剂和芳香酶抑制剂。最后，人们已经认识到男性不育症与一系列威胁健康的情况之间存在关联。
