Steele J R
Department of Human Movement Science, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
Sports Med. 1990 Aug;10(2):88-102. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199010020-00003.
Despite netball having one of the largest number of participants of any team game within the Commonwealth there has been limited research conducted which biomechanically analysed skills of the game. However, information presented from biomechanical analyses of skills can provide coaches with the necessary theoretical basis to teach netball fundamentals to junior players. Biomechanical information can also be used to refine the existing techniques of experienced netball players so they may achieve optimal technical performance of game skills while minimising the potential for injury. Changes to footwork rules and to the material properties of court surfaces and footwear could reduce stress placed on the musculoskeletal system. However, the factor which influences musculoskeletal stress to the greatest extent is a player's landing technique. Thus, the first concern for all netball coaches must be to teach all players to land correctly. The magnitude and rate of loading of the high vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces generated when players execute abrupt landings in netball are reduced more effectively by encouraging players to throw higher passes, requiring the receiver to jump upward to catch the ball. However, to maximise the reduction in stress placed on the musculoskeletal system on landing, players should be encouraged to land with the foot neutrally aligned (not abducted or adducted), ensure adequate hip and knee flexion, and reduce the foot-hip displacement by eliminating an exaggerated 'striding out' position often adopted by netball players. Apart from landing techniques, the only netball skill that has been objectively analysed is goal shooting. To improve shooting accuracy players should demonstrate greater flexion of the knees and shooting elbow when preparing to shoot, sufficient but not excessive hyperextension of the hand to stabilise the ball, minimisation of trunk, arm and forearm movements during the shooting action in favour of increased hand motion, greater release height and greater release velocity. If the potential for injury from poorly executed skills in netball is to be minimised, further research is required to identify the most efficient methods of performing all skills involved in the game, including pivoting, rebounding, defensive movement patterns, and attacking movement strategies.
尽管无挡板篮球是英联邦中参与人数最多的团队运动项目之一，但对该运动技能进行生物力学分析的研究却很有限。然而，技能生物力学分析所提供的信息可为教练向初级球员传授无挡板篮球基本技术提供必要的理论基础。生物力学信息还可用于改进有经验的无挡板篮球运动员的现有技术，使他们在将受伤可能性降至最低的同时，实现比赛技能的最佳技术表现。脚步规则的改变以及场地表面和运动鞋材料特性的改变可以减轻肌肉骨骼系统所承受的压力。然而，对肌肉骨骼压力影响最大的因素是球员的落地技术。因此，所有无挡板篮球教练首先必须关注的是教导所有球员正确落地。当球员在无挡板篮球比赛中突然落地时，通过鼓励球员传球更高，要求接球者向上跳起接球，可以更有效地降低产生的高垂直和水平地面反作用力的大小和加载速率。然而，为了最大程度地减轻落地时肌肉骨骼系统所承受的压力，应鼓励球员落地时足部保持中立对齐（不内收或外展），确保髋部和膝盖有足够的弯曲，并通过消除无挡板篮球运动员经常采用的夸张“大步跨出”姿势来减少足部与髋部的位移。除了落地技术外，唯一经过客观分析的无挡板篮球技能是投篮。为了提高投篮准确性，球员在准备投篮时应表现出更大的膝盖弯曲和投篮手肘弯曲，手部有足够但不过度的过伸以稳定球，在投篮动作过程中尽量减少躯干、手臂和前臂的动作，以增加手部动作，提高出手高度和出手速度。如果要将无挡板篮球中执行不当的技能造成的受伤可能性降至最低，则需要进一步研究以确定执行该比赛中所有技能（包括转身、篮板球、防守移动模式和进攻移动策略）的最有效方法。
