Rudack Claudia
Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Germany.
GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;3:Doc04. Epub 2004 Dec 28.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and hyperractive disorders of the upper airways, depending upon the type of releasing stimuli, are defined as nasal hyperreactivity, for example in the case of AR, or as non-specific nasal hyperreactivity and as idiopathic rhinitis (IR) (synonyms frequently used in the past: non-specific nasal hyperreactivity; vasomotor rhinitis) in the case of non-characterised stimuli.An early and professional therapy of allergic disorders of the upper airways is of immense importance as allergic rhinitis is detected in comorbidities such as asthma and rhino sinusitis. The therapeutic concept is influenced by new and further developments in pharmacological substance classes such as antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids. Specific immune therapy, the only causal therapy for AR, has been reviewed over the past few years in respect of the type and pattern of application. However, to date no firm recommendations on oral, sublingual and /or nasal immune therapy have yet been drawn up based on investigations of these modifications.Therapeutic management of IR is aimed at a symptom-oriented therapy of nasal hyperactivity as etiological factors relating to this form of rhinitis are not yet sufficiently known. Drug groups such as mast cell stabilizers, systemic and topic antihistamines, topic and systemic glucocorticosteroids, ipatroium bromide and alpha symphatomimetics belong to the spectrum of the therapeutics employed.
变应性鼻炎（AR）和上气道高反应性疾病，根据释放刺激物的类型，被定义为鼻高反应性，例如在AR的情况下，或定义为非特异性鼻高反应性以及在刺激物未明确时的特发性鼻炎（IR）（过去常用的同义词：非特异性鼻高反应性；血管运动性鼻炎）。上气道变应性疾病的早期专业治疗极为重要，因为变应性鼻炎在诸如哮喘和鼻-鼻窦炎等合并症中被检测到。治疗理念受到抗组胺药和糖皮质激素等药物类别新的和进一步发展的影响。特异性免疫疗法是AR的唯一病因疗法，在过去几年中已就其应用类型和模式进行了综述。然而，迄今为止，基于对这些改良疗法的研究，尚未就口服、舌下和/或鼻内免疫疗法提出明确建议。IR的治疗管理旨在针对鼻高反应性进行以症状为导向的治疗，因为与这种鼻炎形式相关的病因尚未充分明确。肥大细胞稳定剂、全身和局部抗组胺药、局部和全身糖皮质激素、异丙托溴铵和α-拟交感神经药等药物类别属于所采用的治疗药物范围。
