Castorina Rosemary, Butt Craig, Stapleton Heather M, Avery Dylan, Harley Kim G, Holland Nina, Eskenazi Brenda, Bradman Asa
Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA.
Chemosphere. 2017 Jul;179:159-166. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.076. Epub 2017 Mar 22.
Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), used in consumer products since the 1970s, persist in the environment. Restrictions on penta-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants resulted in increased use of Firemaster 550 (FM 550), and the organophosphate triesters: tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify determinants of flame retardants (4 PFRs, PentaBDEs and FM 550) in house dust, (2) measure urinary PFR metabolites in pregnant women, and (3) estimate health risks from PFR exposure. We measured flame retardants in house dust (n = 125) and metabolites in urine (n = 310) collected in 2000-2001 from Mexican American women participating in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study in California. We detected FM 550 and PFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) known to the state of California to cause cancer, in most dust samples. The maximum TCEP and TDCIPP dust levels were among the highest ever reported although the median levels were generally lower compared to other U.S. cohorts. Metabolites of TDCIPP (BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TPHP (DPHP: diphenyl phosphate) were detected in 78% and 79% of prenatal urine samples, respectively. We found a weak but positive correlation between TPHP in dust and DPHP in 124 paired prenatal urine samples (Spearman rho = 0.17; p = 0.06). These results provide information on PFR exposure and risk in pregnant women from the early 2000's and are also valuable to assess trends in exposure and risk given changing fire safety regulations and concomitant changes in chemical flame retardant use.
有机磷酸酯阻燃剂（PFRs）自20世纪70年代起就被用于消费品中，且在环境中持续存在。对五溴联苯醚（PBDE）阻燃剂的限制导致了Firemaster 550（FM 550）以及有机磷酸三酯的使用增加，这些有机磷酸三酯包括：磷酸三（1,3 - 二氯 - 2 - 丙基）酯（TDCIPP）；磷酸三（氯丙基）酯（TCIPP）；磷酸三（2 - 氯乙基）酯（TCEP）；以及磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）。本研究的目的是：（1）确定室内灰尘中阻燃剂（4种PFRs、五溴联苯醚和FM 550）的决定因素；（2）测量孕妇尿液中的PFR代谢物；（3）估计PFR暴露带来的健康风险。我们测量了2000 - 2001年从参与加利福尼亚州CHAMACOS出生队列研究的墨西哥裔美国女性中收集的室内灰尘（n = 125）中的阻燃剂以及尿液（n = 310）中的代谢物。我们在大多数灰尘样本中检测到了FM 550和PFRs，其中包括加利福尼亚州已知会致癌的两种物质（TCEP和TDCIPP）。尽管与其他美国队列相比，TCEP和TDCIPP的中位水平通常较低，但它们在灰尘中的最高水平却是有记录以来最高的之一。分别在78%和79%的产前尿液样本中检测到了TDCIPP的代谢物（BDCIPP：双（1,3 - 二氯 - 2 - 丙基）磷酸酯）和TPHP的代谢物（DPHP：二苯基磷酸酯）。在124对产前尿液样本中，我们发现灰尘中的TPHP与DPHP之间存在微弱但正相关的关系（斯皮尔曼相关系数rho = 0.17；p = 0.06）。这些结果提供了关于21世纪初孕妇PFR暴露和风险的信息，对于评估在不断变化的消防安全法规以及化学阻燃剂使用的相应变化情况下，暴露和风险的趋势也具有重要价值。
