Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, K.U. Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N1, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012 May;69(10):1651-67. doi: 10.1007/s00018-011-0883-3. Epub 2011 Nov 19.
Androgens increase both the size and strength of skeletal muscle via diverse mechanisms. The aim of this review is to discuss the different cellular targets of androgens in skeletal muscle as well as the respective androgen actions in these cells leading to changes in proliferation, myogenic differentiation, and protein metabolism. Androgens bind and activate a specific nuclear receptor which will directly affect the transcription of target genes. These genes encode muscle-specific transcription factors, enzymes, structural proteins, as well as microRNAs. In addition, anabolic action of androgens is partly established through crosstalk with other signaling molecules such as Akt, myostatin, IGF-I, and Notch. Finally, androgens may also exert non-genomic effects in muscle by increasing Ca(2+) uptake and modulating kinase activities. In conclusion, the anabolic effect of androgens on skeletal muscle is not only explained by activation of the myocyte androgen receptor but is also the combined result of many genomic and non-genomic actions.
雄激素通过多种机制增加骨骼肌的大小和力量。本综述的目的是讨论雄激素在骨骼肌中的不同细胞靶点，以及雄激素在这些细胞中的各自作用导致增殖、成肌分化和蛋白质代谢的变化。雄激素与特定的核受体结合并激活，这将直接影响靶基因的转录。这些基因编码肌肉特异性转录因子、酶、结构蛋白和 microRNAs。此外，雄激素的合成代谢作用部分是通过与 Akt、肌肉生长抑制素、IGF-I 和 Notch 等其他信号分子的相互作用建立的。最后，雄激素也可以通过增加 Ca(2+)摄取和调节激酶活性在肌肉中发挥非基因组作用。总之，雄激素对骨骼肌的合成代谢作用不仅可以通过肌细胞雄激素受体的激活来解释，而且也是许多基因组和非基因组作用的综合结果。
