Theodorakis Nikolaos, Kreouzi Magdalini, Pappas Andreas, Nikolaou Maria
NT-CardioMetabolics, Clinic for Metabolism and Athletic Performance, 47 Tirteou Str., 17564 Palaio Faliro, Greece.
Department of Cardiology & Preventive Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14, 25th Martiou Str., 15127 Melissia, Greece.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Dec 15;25(24):13438. doi: 10.3390/ijms252413438.
The global rise in obesity underscores the need for effective weight management strategies that address individual metabolic and hormonal variability, moving beyond the simplistic "calories in, calories out" model. Body types-ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph-provide a framework for understanding the differences in fat storage, muscle development, and energy expenditure, as each type responds uniquely to caloric intake and exercise. Variability in weight outcomes is influenced by factors such as genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in hormonal signaling pathways and metabolic processes, as well as lifestyle factors, including nutrition, exercise, sleep, and stress. These factors impact the magnitude of lipogenesis and myofibrillar protein synthesis during overfeeding, as well as the extent of lipolysis and muscle proteolysis during caloric restriction, through complex mechanisms that involve changes in the resting metabolic rate, metabolic pathways, and hormonal profiles. Precision approaches, such as nutrigenomics, indirect calorimetry, and artificial-intelligence-based strategies, can potentially leverage these insights to create individualized weight management strategies aligned with each person's unique metabolic profile. By addressing these personalized factors, precision nutrition offers a promising pathway to sustainable and effective weight management outcomes. The main objective of this review is to examine the metabolic and hormonal adaptations driving variability in weight management outcomes and explore how precision nutrition can address these challenges through individualized strategies.
全球肥胖率的上升凸显了制定有效体重管理策略的必要性，这些策略要考虑到个体代谢和激素的变异性，而不是简单的“热量摄入与热量消耗”模式。身体类型（外胚层型、中胚层型和内胚层型）为理解脂肪储存、肌肉发育和能量消耗的差异提供了一个框架，因为每种类型对热量摄入和运动的反应都各不相同。体重结果的变异性受到多种因素的影响，如基因多态性以及激素信号通路和代谢过程中的表观遗传变化，还有生活方式因素，包括营养、运动、睡眠和压力。这些因素通过涉及静息代谢率、代谢途径和激素谱变化的复杂机制，影响过度喂养期间脂肪生成和肌原纤维蛋白合成的程度，以及热量限制期间脂肪分解和肌肉蛋白水解的程度。精准方法，如营养基因组学、间接测热法和基于人工智能的策略，有可能利用这些见解来制定与每个人独特代谢特征相匹配的个性化体重管理策略。通过解决这些个性化因素，精准营养为实现可持续和有效的体重管理结果提供了一条有前景的途径。本综述的主要目的是研究驱动体重管理结果变异性的代谢和激素适应性，并探讨精准营养如何通过个性化策略应对这些挑战。
