Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2011 Nov 16;2:335. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00335. eCollection 2011.
Recently, positive affect has been reported to reduce cognitive conflicts and adaptations related to conflict control. van Steenbergen et al. (2009) proposed that the aversive quality of conflicts drives short-term adaptations following a conflict. They reasoned that monetary gain and its positive emotional consequences might counteract the aversive quality of conflict and hence reduce subsequent adaptations. In two experiments, we combined Simon-type conflicts with monetary gains and losses in between trials and analyzed event-related brain potentials. In Experiment 1, gains and losses occurred randomly between trials as a lottery, whereas in Experiment 2 gains and losses were contingent upon performance, either rewarding the 25% fastest responses or penalizing the 25% slowest responses. In Experiment 1, conflict adaptation was completely unaffected by gains or losses; contrary to predictions, in Experiment 2, conflict adaptation in reward blocks was more pronounced after a gain. In Experiment 2 we also investigated the error-related negativity (ERN) - a brain signal proposed to be related to performance monitoring. The ERN and behavioral post-error slowing were enlarged in the context of reward; therefore, reward increases error adaptation, possibly by enhancing the subjective value of errors. In conclusion, affective modulations of conflict adaptations seem to be much more limited than previously asserted and adaptive mechanisms triggered by errors and conflicts dissociate.
最近，积极情绪被报道可以减少认知冲突和与冲突控制相关的适应。van Steenbergen 等人（2009 年）提出，冲突的令人厌恶的性质驱使冲突后进行短期适应。他们推断，金钱收益及其积极的情感后果可能会抵消冲突的令人厌恶的性质，从而减少随后的适应。在两项实验中，我们将 Simon 式冲突与试验之间的金钱收益和损失相结合，并分析了事件相关的脑电位。在实验 1 中，收益和损失作为彩票在试验之间随机发生，而在实验 2 中，收益和损失取决于表现，奖励 25%最快的反应，或惩罚 25%最慢的反应。在实验 1 中，收益或损失对冲突适应没有任何影响；与预测相反，在实验 2 中，奖励块中的冲突适应在获得收益后更为明显。在实验 2 中，我们还研究了错误相关负波（ERN）-一种被认为与绩效监测相关的脑信号。在奖励的背景下，ERN 和行为后错误减速被放大；因此，奖励增加了错误适应，可能通过增强错误的主观价值。总之，冲突适应的情感调节似乎比之前断言的要有限得多，错误和冲突触发的适应机制是分离的。
