Rifka Annisa Women's Crisis Center, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
BMC Womens Health. 2011 Nov 23;11:52. doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-11-52.
Indonesia has the fourth largest population in the world. Few studies have identified the risk factors of Indonesian women for domestic violence. Such research will be useful for the development of prevention programs aiming at reducing domestic violence. Our study examines associations between physical and sexual violence among rural Javanese Indonesian women and sociodemographic factors, husband's psychosocial and behavioral characteristics and attitudes toward violence and gender roles.
A cohort of pregnant women within the Demographic Surveillance Site (DSS) in Purworejo district, Central Java, Indonesia, was enrolled in a longitudinal study between 1996 and 1998. In the following year (1999), a cross-sectional domestic violence household survey was conducted with 765 consenting women from that cohort. Female field workers, trained using the WHO Multi-Country study instrument on domestic violence, conducted interviews. Crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% CI were applied for analysis.
Lifetime exposure to sexual and physical violence was 22% and 11%. Sexual violence was associated with husbands' demographic characteristics (less than 35 years and educated less than 9 years) and women's economic independence. Exposure to physical violence among a small group of women (2-6%) was strongly associated with husbands' personal characteristics; being unfaithful, using alcohol, fighting with other men and having witnessed domestic violence as a child. The attitudes and norms expressed by the women confirm that unequal gender relationships are more common among women living in the highlands and being married to poorly educated men. Slightly more than half of the women (59%) considered it justifiable to refuse coercive sex. This attitude was also more common among financially independent women (71%), who also had a higher risk of exposure to sexual violence.
Women who did not support the right of women to refuse sex were more likely to experience physical violence, while those who justified hitting for some reasons were more likely to experience sexual violence. Our study suggests that Javanese women live in a high degree of gender-based subordination within marriage relationships, maintained and reinforced through physical and sexual violence. Our findings indicate that women's risk of physical and sexual violence is related to traditional gender norms.
印度尼西亚拥有世界第四大人口。很少有研究确定印度尼西亚妇女遭受家庭暴力的风险因素。这种研究对于制定旨在减少家庭暴力的预防计划将是有用的。我们的研究调查了爪哇农村印度尼西亚妇女遭受身体和性暴力与社会人口因素、丈夫的心理社会和行为特征以及对暴力和性别角色的态度之间的关联。
在印度尼西亚中爪哇省普沃勒佐县的人口监测点（DSS）中，招募了一组孕妇参加 1996 年至 1998 年的纵向研究。在接下来的一年（1999 年），对来自该队列的 765 名同意参与的妇女进行了一次横断面家庭暴力家庭调查。受过培训的女性实地工作者使用世卫组织多国家研究工具进行了访谈。应用了 95%置信区间的粗比值比和调整比值比进行分析。
一生中遭受性暴力和身体暴力的比例分别为 22%和 11%。性暴力与丈夫的人口统计学特征（小于 35 岁和受教育程度小于 9 年）和妇女的经济独立有关。少数妇女（2-6%）遭受身体暴力与丈夫的个人特征密切相关；不忠实、酗酒、与其他男人打架以及小时候目睹家庭暴力。妇女所表达的态度和规范表明，在高地生活的妇女和与受教育程度较低的男人结婚的妇女中，不平等的性别关系更为普遍。略多于一半的妇女（59%）认为拒绝强制性性行为是合理的。这种态度在经济独立的妇女中更为常见（71%），她们也更有可能遭受性暴力。
不支持妇女拒绝性行为权利的妇女更有可能遭受身体暴力，而那些为某些原因打人合理化的妇女更有可能遭受性暴力。我们的研究表明，爪哇妇女在婚姻关系中处于高度的性别从属地位，这种地位通过身体和性暴力得以维持和加强。我们的研究结果表明，妇女遭受身体和性暴力的风险与传统的性别规范有关。
