Centre National de Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 6098, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Dec 5;10(1):51-65. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2675.
In the eukaryotic cell, capping of mRNA 5' ends is an essential structural modification that allows efficient mRNA translation, directs pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA export from the nucleus, limits mRNA degradation by cellular 5'-3' exonucleases and allows recognition of foreign RNAs (including viral transcripts) as 'non-self'. However, viruses have evolved mechanisms to protect their RNA 5' ends with either a covalently attached peptide or a cap moiety (7-methyl-Gppp, in which p is a phosphate group) that is indistinguishable from cellular mRNA cap structures. Viral RNA caps can be stolen from cellular mRNAs or synthesized using either a host- or virus-encoded capping apparatus, and these capping assemblies exhibit a wide diversity in organization, structure and mechanism. Here, we review the strategies used by viruses of eukaryotic cells to produce functional mRNA 5'-caps and escape innate immunity.
在真核细胞中，mRNA 5' 端加帽是一种必不可少的结构修饰，它允许有效的 mRNA 翻译、指导前体 mRNA 的剪接和 mRNA 从细胞核输出、限制细胞 5'-3' 外切核酸酶对 mRNA 的降解，并允许识别外来 RNA（包括病毒转录本）为“非自身”。然而，病毒已经进化出了多种机制来保护它们的 RNA 5' 端，要么通过共价连接的肽段，要么通过与细胞 mRNA 帽结构无法区分的帽结构（7-甲基-Gppp，其中 p 是磷酸基团）。病毒 RNA 帽可以从细胞 mRNA 中窃取，也可以使用宿主或病毒编码的加帽装置合成，这些加帽组装体在组织、结构和机制上表现出广泛的多样性。在这里，我们综述了真核细胞病毒用来产生功能性 mRNA 5'-帽并逃避先天免疫的策略。
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