University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
Tob Control. 2012 Mar;21(2):236-43. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050280. Epub 2011 Dec 13.
Female smoking is predicted to double between 2005 and 2025. There have been numerous calls for action on women's tobacco use over the past two decades. In the present work, evidence about female tobacco use, progress, challenges and ways forward for developing gendered tobacco control is reviewed.
Literature on girls, women and tobacco was reviewed to identify trends and determinants of tobacco use and exposure, the application of gender analysis, tobacco marketing, the impact of tobacco control on girls and women and ways to address these issues particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.
Global female tobacco use is increasingly complex, involving diverse products and factors including tobacco marketing, globalisation and changes in women's status. In high-income countries female smoking is declining but is increasingly concentrated among disadvantaged women. In low-income and middle-income countries the pattern is more complex; in several regions the gap between girls' and boys' smoking is narrow. Gendered analyses and approaches to tobacco control are uncommon, especially in low-income and middle-income countries.
Tobacco control has remained largely gender blind, with little recognition of the importance of understanding the context and challenges of girl's and women's smoking and secondhand smoke exposure. There has been little integration of gender considerations in research, policy and programmes. The present work makes a case for gender and diversity analyses in tobacco control to reflect and identify intersecting factors affecting women's tobacco use. This will help animate the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control's concern for gender specificity and women's leadership, and reduce the impact of tobacco on women.
预计 2005 年至 2025 年期间，女性吸烟人数将增加一倍。在过去二十年中，人们曾多次呼吁采取行动控制女性吸烟。在本研究中，回顾了有关女性烟草使用、进展、挑战以及制定性别化烟草控制措施的未来方向的证据。
对有关女孩、妇女和烟草的文献进行了审查，以确定烟草使用和暴露的趋势和决定因素、性别分析的应用、烟草营销、烟草控制对女孩和妇女的影响以及解决这些问题的方法，特别是在低收入和中等收入国家。
全球女性烟草使用情况日益复杂，涉及多种产品和因素，包括烟草营销、全球化和妇女地位的变化。在高收入国家，女性吸烟人数正在下降，但吸烟人群越来越集中在弱势妇女中。在低收入和中等收入国家，情况更为复杂；在几个地区，女孩和男孩吸烟的差距很小。性别分析和烟草控制方法并不常见，尤其是在低收入和中等收入国家。
烟草控制在很大程度上仍然对性别问题视而不见，几乎没有认识到了解女孩和妇女吸烟以及接触二手烟的背景和挑战的重要性。在研究、政策和方案中，几乎没有将性别问题纳入考虑。本研究主张在烟草控制中进行性别和多样性分析，以反映和确定影响妇女烟草使用的交叉因素。这将有助于体现和识别《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》对性别特异性和妇女领导力的关注，并减少烟草对妇女的影响。
