Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, CCBA, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
Vet Parasitol. 2012 May 4;186(1-2):132-42. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.053. Epub 2011 Nov 20.
The widespread presence of anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in outdoor ruminant production systems has driven the need to identify and develop novel approaches for the control of helminths with the intention to reduce the dependence on commercial anthelmintic drugs. This paper identifies what has been done in Latin America (LA) in terms of estimating the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in ruminant production systems and the application of different novel approaches for the control of helminths in those systems, including research and extension activities. Firstly, the paucity of knowledge of AR is discussed in the context of different countries, as well as, the available economic resources for research, the technical infrastructure available and the practical difficulties of the production systems. It is then proposed that the search for novel approaches is not only driven by AR but also by the need for techniques that are feasible for application by resource-poor farmers in non-commercial subsistence farming systems. However, the commercial benefits of these approaches are often limited and so are funding inputs in most countries. The workers participating in the research into different novel approaches are identified as well as the different methods being studied in the different areas of LA according to their published results. In addition, the difficulties experienced during extension efforts to reach farmers and help them to adopt novel approaches for the control of parasitic nematodes in LA are discussed. The role of regulatory authorities in these countries is discussed as some methods of control might need an official confirmation of their efficacy as well as authorization prior to application as they may affect animal products (i.e. residues) and/or impose a hazard for animal welfare. The role of the pharmaceutical companies is also discussed.
抗寄生虫药物耐药性胃肠道寄生线虫在户外反刍动物生产系统中的广泛存在，促使人们需要识别和开发新的方法来控制寄生虫，以减少对商业驱虫药物的依赖。本文确定了拉丁美洲（LA）在评估反刍动物生产系统中驱虫药物耐药性（AR）的流行情况以及在这些系统中应用不同新型方法控制寄生虫方面所做的工作，包括研究和推广活动。首先，讨论了不同国家对 AR 认识不足的问题，以及研究可用的经济资源、可用的技术基础设施和生产系统的实际困难。然后提出，寻找新型方法不仅是由 AR 驱动的，还需要考虑到针对资源匮乏的农民在非商业自给农业系统中可行的技术。然而，这些方法的商业效益往往有限，因此在大多数国家，资金投入也很有限。确定了参与不同新型方法研究的工作人员，以及根据已发表的结果，在 LA 的不同地区研究的不同方法。此外，还讨论了在向农民推广并帮助他们采用控制寄生线虫的新型方法时遇到的困难。讨论了这些国家监管机构的作用，因为一些控制方法可能需要官方确认其疗效，并在应用前获得授权，因为它们可能会影响动物产品（即残留）和/或对动物福利构成威胁。还讨论了制药公司的作用。
