Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd., MSC 7326, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Psychol Health. 2012;27(6):688-703. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2011.620106. Epub 2011 Dec 16.
We examine how alcohol-related attitudes and behaviour are related to injunctive and descriptive norms over time, and how these perceptions are linked to the experience of alcohol-related problems. In a longitudinal study of alcohol use (n=239, over three time points), we explored the presence of projection, conformity and deviance in college students--a group in the process of identity formation and redefining peer relationships. We found that the first year of college was characterised by both conformity and projection, and that positive attitudes towards alcohol, greater drinking, and higher descriptive norms were associated prospectively with more alcohol-related problems. However, in the second year, the pattern changed such that alcohol consumption behaviour was characterised by deviance such that those who believed others engaged in more drinking reported relatively lower consumption. The longitudinal findings support deviance regulation theory (Blanton, H., & Christie, C. (2003). Deviance regulation: A theory of action and identity. Review of General Psychology, 7, 115-149), which states that individuals form identities by deviating from peers in ways they perceive as desirable. In general, one must consider the role and stage of identity development when making predictions about how attitudes and perceived norms influence alcohol use and the experience of alcohol-related problems.
我们考察了随着时间的推移，与酒精相关的态度和行为如何与约束性和描述性规范相关，以及这些看法如何与酒精相关问题的体验相关。在一项关于酒精使用的纵向研究中（n=239，分三个时间点），我们探讨了大学生群体中存在的投射、从众和偏差现象，这是一个处于身份形成和重新定义同伴关系过程中的群体。我们发现，大学生的第一年既有从众现象，也有投射现象，对酒精的积极态度、更多的饮酒行为以及更高的描述性规范与未来更多的酒精相关问题相关。然而，在第二年，这种模式发生了变化，饮酒行为表现出偏差，那些认为他人饮酒更多的人报告的饮酒量相对较低。纵向研究结果支持偏差调节理论（Blanton，H.，& Christie，C.（2003）。偏差调节：行动和身份理论。综合心理学评论，7，115-149），该理论指出，个体通过以他们认为理想的方式偏离同伴来形成身份。总的来说，在预测态度和感知规范如何影响酒精使用和酒精相关问题的体验时，必须考虑身份发展的角色和阶段。
