Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz College, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Apr;36(4):554-8. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.255. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
To examine the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the body composition of offspring.
Grade 4 elementary school children (n=1366; boys/girls, 724/642; 9-10 years old) were enrolled in this study. All parents answered a lifestyle questionnaire, and children underwent passive smoking tests. Urinary cotinine measurement and lifestyle screening test parameters (that is, body weight, body length, body mass index (BMI), obesity index (OI), blood tests for liver function and lipid profile and questions regarding maternal smoking and lifestyle) were evaluated in terms of their relationship with maternal smoking. In addition, urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration was measured in 80 randomly selected children to assess its relationship with oxidative stress.
Both BMI and OI were significantly higher in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy than in those whose mothers never smoked (BMI: 17.2±2.7 vs 16.9±2.5 kg m(-2), P=0.016; OI: 2.7±14.3% vs 0.4±14.0%, P=0.003). The degree of elevation was positively correlated with the duration of maternal smoking. The increases in BMI and OI resulted from increased body weight and reduced height. The confounding factors-'breakfast with family', 'watching television at dinner', 'eating and drinking before sleep', 'watching television for >2 h', 'sleep duration <8 h' and 'playing sports'-were statistically significant. BMI and OI were significantly high in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy in these six confounders. On the other hand, urinary 8-OHdG concentration was negatively correlated with BMI in children who had >1.3 ng ml(-1) urinary cotinine, suggesting that it may be related to basal metabolism due to oxidative stress.
Maternal smoking is a risk factor for higher BMI and OI in 9- to 10-year-old children whose mothers smoke during pregnancy and may be independent of other confounding factors.
探讨孕妇吸烟与子女身体成分的关系。
本研究纳入了 1366 名 4 年级小学生（男生/女生，724/642；9-10 岁）。所有家长均回答了一份生活方式问卷，且儿童接受了被动吸烟测试。评估了尿可替宁测量值以及生活方式筛查试验参数（即体重、身高、体重指数（BMI）、肥胖指数（OI）、肝功能和血脂谱的血液检查以及有关母亲吸烟和生活方式的问题）与母亲吸烟的关系。此外，还测量了 80 名随机选择儿童的尿 8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）浓度，以评估其与氧化应激的关系。
与母亲从不吸烟的儿童相比，母亲在怀孕期间吸烟的儿童 BMI 和 OI 均显著更高（BMI：17.2±2.7 与 16.9±2.5 kg/m²，P=0.016；OI：2.7±14.3%与 0.4±14.0%，P=0.003）。升高的程度与母亲吸烟的持续时间呈正相关。BMI 和 OI 的增加源于体重增加和身高降低。混杂因素-“与家人共进早餐”、“晚餐时看电视”、“睡前吃喝”、“看电视超过 2 小时”、“睡眠时间<8 小时”和“进行体育活动”-具有统计学意义。在这六个混杂因素中，母亲在怀孕期间吸烟的儿童 BMI 和 OI 显著较高。另一方面，在尿可替宁>1.3ng/ml 的儿童中，尿 8-OHdG 浓度与 BMI 呈负相关，提示其可能与氧化应激引起的基础代谢有关。
孕妇吸烟是其子女在怀孕期间吸烟的 9-10 岁儿童 BMI 和 OI 升高的危险因素，且可能独立于其他混杂因素。
