Knudsen Gerd Toril Mørkve, Dharmage Shyamali, Janson Christer, Abramson Michael J, Benediktsdóttir Bryndís, Malinovschi Andrei, Skulstad Svein Magne, Bertelsen Randi Jacobsen, Real Francisco Gomez, Schlünssen Vivi, Jõgi Nils Oskar, Sánchez-Ramos José Luis, Holm Mathias, Garcia-Aymerich Judith, Forsberg Bertil, Svanes Cecilie, Johannessen Ane
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
PLoS One. 2020 Jul 6;15(7):e0235632. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235632. eCollection 2020.
Emerging evidence suggests that parents' preconception exposures may influence offspring health. We aimed to investigate maternal and paternal smoking onset in specific time windows in relation to offspring body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI). We investigated fathers (n = 2111) and mothers (n = 2569) aged 39-65 years, of the population based RHINE and ECRHS studies, and their offspring aged 18-49 years (n = 6487, mean age 29.6 years) who participated in the RHINESSA study. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight, and FMI was estimated from bioelectrical impedance measures in a subsample. Associations with parental smoking were analysed with generalized linear regression adjusting for parental education and clustering by study centre and family. Interactions between offspring sex were analysed, as was mediation by parental pack years, parental BMI, offspring smoking and offspring birthweight. Fathers' smoking onset before conception of the offspring (onset ≥15 years) was associated with higher BMI in the offspring when adult (β 0.551, 95%CI: 0.174-0.929, p = 0.004). Mothers' preconception and postnatal smoking onset was associated with higher offspring BMI (onset <15 years: β1.161, 95%CI 0.378-1.944; onset ≥15 years: β0.720, 95%CI 0.293-1.147; onset after offspring birth: β2.257, 95%CI 1.220-3.294). However, mediation analysis indicated that these effects were fully mediated by parents' postnatal pack years, and partially mediated by parents' BMI and offspring smoking. Regarding FMI, sons of smoking fathers also had higher fat mass (onset <15 years β1.604, 95%CI 0.269-2.939; onset ≥15 years β2.590, 95%CI 0.544-4.636; and onset after birth β2.736, 95%CI 0.621-4.851). There was no association between maternal smoking and offspring fat mass. We found that parents' smoking before conception was associated with higher BMI in offspring when they reached adulthood, but that these effects were mediated through parents' pack years, suggesting that cumulative smoking exposure during offspring's childhood may elicit long lasting effects on offspring BMI.
新出现的证据表明，父母孕前接触某些因素可能会影响后代的健康。我们旨在研究父母在特定时间窗口开始吸烟与后代体重指数（BMI）和脂肪量指数（FMI）之间的关系。我们调查了基于人群的莱茵河（RHINE）和欧洲社区呼吸健康调查（ECRHS）研究中年龄在39至65岁之间的父亲（n = 2111）和母亲（n = 2569），以及参与莱茵河青少年健康与生活方式研究（RHINESSA）的他们年龄在18至49岁之间的后代（n = 6487，平均年龄29.6岁）。BMI根据自我报告的身高和体重计算得出，FMI在一个子样本中通过生物电阻抗测量估算。通过广义线性回归分析与父母吸烟的关联，并对父母教育程度进行调整，同时按研究中心和家庭进行聚类分析。分析了后代性别之间的相互作用，以及父母吸烟年包数、父母BMI、后代吸烟和后代出生体重的中介作用。父亲在后代受孕前开始吸烟（开始吸烟≥15年）与后代成年时较高的BMI相关（β = 0.551，95%置信区间：0.174 - 0.929，p = 0.004）。母亲孕前和产后开始吸烟与后代较高的BMI相关（开始吸烟<15年：β = 1.161，95%置信区间0.378 - 1.944；开始吸烟≥15年：β = 0.720，95%置信区间0.293 - 1.147；在后代出生后开始吸烟：β = 2.257，95%置信区间1.220 - 3.294）。然而，中介分析表明，这些影响完全由父母产后的吸烟年包数介导，部分由父母的BMI和后代吸烟介导。关于FMI方面，吸烟父亲的儿子也有较高的脂肪量（开始吸烟<15年β = 1.604，95%置信区间：（0.269 - 2.939）；开始吸烟≥15年β = 2.590，95%置信区间0.544 - 4.636；在出生后开始吸烟β = 2.736，95%置信区间0.621 - 4.851）。母亲吸烟与后代脂肪量之间没有关联。我们发现，父母在受孕前吸烟与后代成年时较高的BMI相关，但这些影响是通过父母的吸烟年包数介导的，这表明后代童年时期累积的吸烟暴露可能会对后代BMI产生长期影响。
