Authier André
Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université P. et M. Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris Cedex 05, France.
Acta Crystallogr A. 2012 Jan;68(Pt 1):40-56. doi: 10.1107/S0108767311040219. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
The first attempts at measuring the optical properties of X-rays such as refraction, reflection and diffraction are described. The main ideas forming the basis of Ewald's thesis in 1912 are then summarized. The first extension of Ewald's thesis to the X-ray case is the introduction of the reciprocal lattice. In the next step, the principles of the three versions of the dynamical theory of diffraction, by Darwin, Ewald and Laue, are given. It is shown how the comparison of the dynamical and geometrical theories of diffraction led Darwin to propose his extinction theory. The main optical properties of X-ray wavefields at the Bragg incidence are then reviewed: Pendellösung, shift of the Bragg peak, fine structure of Kossel lines, standing waves, anomalous absorption, paths of wavefields inside the crystal, Borrmann fan and double refraction. Lastly, some of the modern applications of the dynamical theory are briefly outlined: X-ray topography, location of adsorbed atoms at crystal surfaces, optical devices for synchrotron radiation and X-ray interferometry.
描述了首次测量X射线光学性质（如折射、反射和衍射）的尝试。接着总结了构成1912年埃瓦尔德论文基础的主要观点。埃瓦尔德论文对X射线情况的首次扩展是引入了倒易晶格。下一步，给出了达尔文、埃瓦尔德和劳厄提出的三种衍射动力学理论版本的原理。展示了衍射动力学理论与几何理论的比较如何使达尔文提出他的消光理论。然后回顾了布拉格入射时X射线波场的主要光学性质：彭德尔解、布拉格峰的位移、科塞尔线的精细结构、驻波、反常吸收、晶体内部波场的路径、博尔曼扇形和双折射。最后，简要概述了衍射动力学理论的一些现代应用：X射线形貌术、晶体表面吸附原子的定位、同步辐射光学装置和X射线干涉测量。
